Renewable Energy Making It Work

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Renewable Energy Making It Work

• Jyoti Parikh
• Integrated Research and Action for Development,
• New Delhi
• 19 April 2006

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES

• Poverty Less Options More Suffering
• Large Population Its Growth
• High Fossil Fuel Dependence
• Warm Climate Except Japan China
• Large Coastal Zones In Many Countries
• High Frequency of Extreme Events Cyclones,
  Typhoons, Flooding

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Energy Technology

• New circumstances can create new opportunities
• Every technology has to redefine itself to avoid
  obsolescence
• How can renewable energy establish itself in the
  21st century

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Criteria determining choice of technology

• Renewables supply about 1 of the energy market
  (excluding hydro)

• how can renewables help replace traditional
  energy ?
• in which way can it claim higher share of the
  conventional energy market ?
• what opportunities are offered by the local and
  global environmental concerns in the preference
  of energy technology ?
• what are the the niche markets that can be
  expanded ?
• what are the opportunities from synergy with
  other technological developments ?

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Choice of Energy System

• technology (scale, efficiency, locked
  infrastructure, product designs and standards)
• costs (finance, interest rates, capital, taxes,
  relative prices)
• accessibility (reliability, infrastructure, total
  potential, competitiveness, adequacy of supply,
  storage or hydrid)
• environment (pollution, climate change, proximity
  of pollution, health welfare, environmental
  impacts)
• politics (war,sanctions, subsidy, regulation)
• demographic (lifestyle, family size, age profile,
  personal values)
• convenience ( time needed, familiarity, habit,
  pleasure)
• safety (risk perception, potential catastrophe,
  sustainability, renewability, future generation)
• information (media, education, marketing)

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Expanding Renewable Energy Market
New Areas High Paying Remote Areas
traditional
conventional

• Fossil fuels
• Resource Scarcity
• Enforcement
• Climate Change
• Gestation periods

• Wood, Dung,
• Residues
• Health
• Development

Synergistic Development with Emerging Technologies
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Primary source of energy for cooking in urban and
rural India
SourceCMIE,Energy,2000
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Primary source of energy for lighting in urban
and rural India (CONTD.)
SourceCMIE,Energy,2000
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DAYS SPENT/LOST (IN MILLION) PER YEAR DUE TO
ENERGY, WATER, SANITATION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
RURAL ALL INDIA
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Major pollutants emitted from biofuels
Source Smith, 1983
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Financial Allocation to Renewables in India (GoI
1998 MNES, 1998)
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Subsidy for Energy Sector in India During 1996-97
Rs Crore
Source Data for petroleum from MOPNG (1997) and
for power sector from GoI (1999)
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Biofuels
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Oil Yielding Plants
450 varieties identified in various parts of India

• Jatropha curcas or Ratanjot     
• Pongamia pinnata or Karanj
• Calophyllum inophyllum or Nagchampa
• Hevea brasiliensis or Rubber seeds
• Calotropis gigantia or Ark
• Euphorbia tirucalli or Sher
• Boswellia ovalifololata

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National Mission on Bio-Diesel

• Jatropha Plantation in 0.4million ha.will
  generate
• 127.6 million person days of work
• Seed collection will provide sustainable
• employment to
• 8 million person days or 0.122 million person/
  year
• Primary processing, oil esterification,
• transport etc. will create additional jobs

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Biodiesel - Systems Approach
 
 
Modification needed to use in Transport vehicles,
stationary equipment, and oil cakes
Separation of seed, kernels, Procurement of seeds
plantation of Oil bearing trees
Oil extraction, blending and processing
Plantation of Oil bearing trees
Energy Policy
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INDIAN INITIATIVES
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Demonstration Phase

• It is planned for 4,00,000 hectare Jatropha
  plantation in the country. The phasing of
  plantation is proposed as
•  

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Criteria for Land Availability

• Department of Land Resources under Ministry of
  Rural Development, GOI has proposed the criteria
  for selection of lands for Jatropha plantation.
  These are
• Annual rainfall should exceed 600mm
• The pH of soil should be less than 9 (Wasteland
  category Alkaline/saline slight )
• Temperature should not fall below 00 C. In the
  Himalayan states in India there are places
  located above 1500 meters where temperature falls
  below 00 C. Hence the elevation of lands for
  plantation in the Himalayas should not exceed
  1500meters
• The slope of land should not exceed 300
• The land should not be waterlogged (Wasteland
  Categories 67)
• The land should not be barren rocky/stony
  (Wasteland Category 26)

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POLICY FRAMEWORK
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Stakeholders involved in biodiesel production
Devise policy framework coordinating mechanism
Oil companies blending standardization
Oil extraction units
Procurement centres seed collection centres
Farmers
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Policy Framework
Purchase Policies with MSP
MOPNG, MOAC, Oil Cos.
Strengthening the supply side
End use Practices
Policy Framework
MOCI, Oil cos.
MORD,MOAC
Extraction of oil from seeds
MOAC, MOARI, MOSSI, MOCI
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Roadmap.

•  
• How to mobilize cultivation? What scale is
  possible?
• What policy framework (financial interventions,
  mandate and standards) is needed?
• What coordination is needed with vehicle
  industries?
• Cost sharing, modernization of equipment. Will
  they also need direct subsidy?
• What institutional structure is suitable that
  permits flexibility and reduces constraints and
  barriers?
• Can CDM help in generating the needed revenues?
  What policy should be avoided to ensure CDM
  benefits?

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Environment and Health
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Health impacts of Collection of Fuels

• Results in backache (50), neck ache, headache
  and bruises every week (80 )

• 19 persons in HP have some symptoms

IRADe survey Himachal Pradesh
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HEALTH HAZARDS AT EVERY STEP
Activity
Health Impact
Solutions

• Search and Collect
• Biomass
• Walking
• Cutting

• Bruises
• Snake bites
• Insect bites

• Bringing
• fuelwood closer
• Plantations

• Processing and
• Stacking
• Bundling
• Drying

• Allergies
• Chapped hands

• Biogas
• LPG/Kerosene

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BIO-FUEL CHAIN AND HEALTH
Activity
Health Impact
Solutions

• Backache
• Headache
• Knee pain

• Community
• transportation,
• cycle rickshaws

Transportation Of Heavy Loads

• Respiratory
• Eye diseases
• Infant mortality
• Adverse
• pregnancy

• Clean fuels
• Superior stoves
• Renewable
• technologies

Cooking
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Linkage of respiratory diseases with literacy of
female adults (North India)
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Vulnerability By Age Groups
The risk of having respiratory symptoms among
adults increases with age.
IRADe Study Himachal Pradesh
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Role /Status of womenDrudgery in Collection of
Fuels

• Women have to walk every month in the state ,
  spending 40 hours during 15 trips, each of about
  3 hrs to fetch fuels
• Time and efforts for collection of fuelwoods

IRADe survey Himachal Pradesh
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Reaching The MDGsBy Addressing Gender And
Energy Issues

• Reduce rural poverty and improve the situation of
  women
• through the provision of affordable energy
  services
• reduce the burden on women of exhausting and
  repetitive tasks
• improved access to cooking fuels and
  energy-efficient technologies for pumping water
  and other agricultural activities
• promote economic opportunities for women
• free up time from usual activities and reallocate
  their time toward attending to agricultural
  tasks, improving agricultural productivity,
  developing micro-enterprises, increase income and
  improve family well-being

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Energy and Millenium Development Goal (MDG)
attainment
Millenium Development Goals
How energy can help?
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality (by 66 the
mortality rate) Goal 5 Improve maternal health
(by 75 the maternity mortality rates)

• Indoor air pollution
• Fuel supply
• Work burden
• Kerosene and LPG

Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal
8 Safe drinking Water and Sanitation

• Deforestation
• Indoor pollution
• Climate change
• Water sanitation
• Energy consumption

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Conclusions

• Renewable energy has to define to decide what
  end-user needs can be satisfied
• Focussed strategies for different markets
• New context/milieu
• Environment, Gender and Health
• Globalisation
• Markets determine energy choices
• Tapping emerging markets technologies to
  advantage

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THANK YOU
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