Applied Technology

1
Applied Technology

• Discoveries
• Inventions

2
Conundrum

• Since No Hypothesis is Verifiable or Falsifiable,
  
• how do we get Inventions or Discoveries To
  work?

3
Conundrum Resolved

• Even if an Hypothesis underlies an Invention, one
  realizes an invention through trial and error.
• Reduction of an inventive idea to practice is
  through experimentation or through an
  accumulation of Observations (try,try, and try
  again).
• Hypothesis is a purported relationship between or
  among observations. Observations are made, not
  proven.
• By definition, discovery is not derived from
  theory. Discovery is an unanticipated event.

4

• Matters of Life and Death
• 1900 Patients battle illness, while doctors can
  do little more than counsel and comfort them and
  keep them clean.
• Today Doctors treat and often cure patients with
  a vast array of medicines and medical
  technologies, but some diseases are still
  incurable.

5
Mysteries of the Universe

• 1900 The Milky Way galaxy (including some
  unexplained nebular clouds) is the known
  universe. Newton's laws explain the physical
  world. Matter is composed of atoms.
• Today The Milky Way is just one galaxy among
  countless millions we have observed in the
  universe. There is no set of laws that explains
  all phenomena in the physical world, although
  there are many theories. Atoms are composed of
  many subatomic particles, all of which derive
  from energy.

6
In Search of Ourselves

• 1900 There is no cure for the mentally ill, who
  are confined to insane asylums. "Mind" and "body"
  are thought of as two separate things.
• Today Mental illness can be treated with a range
  of therapies and medications. We know a great
  deal about the chemistry and the parts of the
  brain that control our behavior and thoughts.

7
Bigger, Better, Faster

• 1900 The only way to view the Olympic games in
  Paris is in person. News about the games travels
  to America via telegraph and is printed in
  newspapers.
• Today Millions worldwide will watch the 2004
  Greek Olympics on television, transmitted
  instantaneously by satellite. The news will
  spread as well by radio, newspaper, and the World
  Wide Web.

8
Origins

• 1900 There is no good explanation for
  catastrophic events such as earthquakes. The
  Earth is thought to be a mere 50 million years
  old, and the evolution of species is hotly
  debated.
• Today The plates that make up the Earth's crust
  move over time, causing earthquakes and
  volcanoes. The earth is known to be 4,500 million
  years old. The genetic code of DNA, which drives
  evolution, is better understood every day.

9
People and Discoveries

• 1900  Freud's book, "The Interpretation of
  Dreams" released
• 1900  Planck discovers the quantum nature of
  energy
• 1901  Marconi receives radio signal over Atlantic
• 1903  Wright brothers fly first motorized plane
• 1905  Binet pioneers intelligence testing
• 1905  Einstein publishes the special theory of
  relativity
• 1907  Radiometric dating finds Earth is 2.2
  billion years old
• 1909  Ehrlich finds cure for syphilis
• 1912  Leavitt sees correlation between Cepheids'
  period and luminosity
• 1912  Wegener proposes idea of continental drift

10
In 1901 Max Planck (1858 - 1947) devised a theory
that perfectly described the experimental
evidence, but part of it was a radical new idea
energy did not flow in a steady continuum, but
was delivered in discrete packets Planck later
called quanta.
11
Guglielmo Marconi (1874 - 1937) read an article
that grabbed his attention. The article
suggested the possibility of using radio waves to
communicate without wires.The year was 1894, and
the most modern way to send a message was over
telegraph wires. (Heinrich Herz, for whom the
units hertz and megahertz are named, had
discovered and first produced radio waves in
1888.)
12
People and Discoveries

• 1913   Ford installs first moving assembly line
• 1913   Rutherford and Bohr describe atomic
  structure
• 1913   Watson launches behaviorist school of
  psychology
• 1915   Einstein announces the general theory of
  relativity
• 1915   Pellagra shown to be dietary disease
• 1920   Electric consumer appliances proliferate
• 1920   KDKA begins to broadcast
• 1922   Banting and Best isolate insulin
• 1923   Eugenics movement reaches its height
• 1923   Piaget describes stages of cognitive
  development
• 1924   Hubble identifies a new galaxy
• 1926   Television is developed
• 1927   Big bang theory is introduced
• 1927   Heisenberg the states uncertainty
  principle

13
Ford installs first moving assembly line 1913
14
People and Discoveries

• 1928 Fleming discovers penicillin
• 1929   Hubble finds proof that the universe is
  expanding
• 1931   Lawrence invents the cyclotron
• 1932   Chadwick discovers the neutron
• 1935   Moniz develops lobotomy for mental illness
• 1935   Nylon is invented

15
In 1934 they pulled their first long, strong,
flexible strands of a synthetic polymer fiber out
of a test tube. The corporation patented it as
"nylon"
Wallace Carothers (1896 - 1937)
16
DR. EGAS MONIZ (1875-1955)

• Moniz who was born in Portugal, studied medicine
  in the University of Coimbra and neurology in
  Bordeaux and Paris. He returned to the University
  of Coimbra as Chairman of Neurology but he
  entered politics and served as minister of
  Foreign Affairs and later as Ambassador to Spain.
  He left politics, returned to the University of
  Coimbra where he conceived visualization of
  cerebral blood vessels by roentgenography. The
  medium he developed with comparative safety was
  sodium iodide. When colloidal thorium dioxide was
  developed he followed up this lead for cerebral
  angiography to visualize intracranial tumor,
  vascular abnormalities, aneurysms. He also
  developed frontal leucotomy for psychology. Both
  cerebral angiography and psychosurgery have given
  him lasting fame.

17
People and Discoveries

• 1938   Electroshock therapy introduced
• 1942   Fermi creates controlled nuclear reaction
• 1945   ENIAC is built
• 1945   The first atomic bomb is detonated
• 1947   Libby introduces radiocarbon dating
• 1947   Transistor is invented
• 1950   Drugs developed for leukemia
• 1952   Drug for treating schizophrenia identified
• 1952   Salk produces polio vaccine
• 1953   Amino acids are created in laboratory

18
Transistor is invented 1947. The group was led by
William Shockley and included Walter Brattain,
John Bardeen, and others, physicists who had
worked with quantum theory, especially in solids.
After two years of frustrating but very exciting
work, Bardeen and Brattain created an amplifying
circuit that seemed to work, using the element
germanium.
19
Salk produces polio vaccine 1952
20
. A bank of blinking lights indicate the
mysterious processes going on within That
classic symbol of a computer has lasted long
after computers evolved into friendly desktop
tools. This was not a dream of science fiction,
but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the
gigantic machine credited with starting the
modern computer age
ENIAC is built 1945
(Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and
Computer)
21
The first atomic bomb is detonated 1945
22
People and Discoveries

• 1953   Great Global Rift is discovered
• 1953   Piltdown Man is revealed as fake
• 1953   Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA
• 1954   First successful kidney transplant
  performed
• 1959   Leakey family discovers human ancestors
• 1960   Hess proposes sea-floor spreading
• 1962   Rachel Carlsons "Silent Spring" is
  published

23
Watson and Crick used Randalls data and that of
other scientists to build their ultimately
correct and detailed description of DNA's
structure in 1953. Franklin was not bitter, but
pleased, and set out to publish a corroborating
report of the Watson-Crick model. Her career was
eventually cut short by illness. It is a
tremendous shame that Franklin did not receive
due credit for her essential role in this
discovery, either during her lifetime or after
her untimely death at age 37 due to cancer
Rosalind Franklin (1920 - 1958)
24
Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA1953
25
Disturbed by the profligate use of synthetic
chemical pesticides after World War II, Rachel
Carson reluctantly changed her focus in order to
warn the public about the long term effects of
misusing pesticides. In Silent Spring (1962) she
challenged the practices of agricultural
scientists and the government, and called for a
change in the way humankind viewed the natural
world.
26
People and Discoveries

• 1963   Magnetic bands provide evidence of
  sea-floor spreading
• 1965   Penzias and Wilson discover cosmic
  microwave radiation
• 1967   Bell and Hewish discover pulsars
• 1969   Apollo astronauts land on the Moon
• 1971   First commercial microprocessor is
  introduced
• 1972 CT scan and MRI introduced
• 1974   Johanson finds 3.2 million-year-old Lucy

27
Neil Armstrong as he was preparing for his Gemini
VIII mission, March 16, 1966. Armstrong who was
also an X-15 pilot had the honor of being the
first man to set foot on the surface of the moon
at 1056 P.M., July 20, 1969, during the mission
of Apollo XI .
28
Apollo astronauts land on the Moon 1969
29
Penzias and Wilson discover cosmic microwave
radiation 1965
30
. Johanson ignored the counselor's advice,
pursued higher education, and won his Ph.D. in
anthropology from the University of Chicago.
Within a year of earning his doctorate, he made
news around the world with a discovery that
dramatically altered our understanding of human
evolution. The fossilized bones of a creature
Johanson called Lucy constitute the oldest, most
complete specimen of an extinct species which was
not human, but from which the human race may be
descended
31
People and Discoveries

• 1975   Personal computer industry is launched
• 1975   Role of endorphins discovered
• 1976   Cosmic string theory introduced
• 1977   Life is found near deep ocean vents
• 1980   World Health Organization declares
  smallpox eradicated
• 1980   Alvarez finds evidence of dinosaur-killing
  asteroid

32
People and Discoveries

• 1981  AIDS is officially recognized
• 1987  Antidepressant Prozac introduced
• 1992  The Internet gives rise to the World Wide
  Web
• 1993  Search for behavioral genes
• 1994  4.4 million-year-old human ancestor is
  found
• 1996  Meteorite from Mars points to possibility
  of life on other planets

33
People and Inventions Overview 1900 to
2003

• Inventors and their inventions from 1900 to 2003
  have come to dominate our lives. Here are a few
  of the major inventions and their inventors from
  the twentieth and twenty first Century.

34
People and Inventions

• Orville/Wilber Wright First powered flight
  (1903).
• John Fleming Invented the diode (1904)
• Christian Hulsmeyer The first radar system used
  in shipping (1904)
• Leo Baekeland Inventor of plastic (1905)
• Reginald Fessenden Invented radio broadcasting
  (1906)
• Mary Phelps Jacob Invented the bra (1913)
• Gidoen Sundback Invented the zip (1913)
• John Thompson Invented the sub-machine gun (1920)

35
Orville and Wilbur Wright are credited with
making the first successful manned controlled
powered flight on December 17th 1903. However,
the Wright brothers did not start the process of
making a heavier than air powered flight.
36
People and Inventions

• Fred. Banting / Charles Best Isolated insulin
  (1921)
• Karel Capek Invented the first robot (1921)
• Clarence Birdseye Started the idea of frozen
  food (1924)
• John Logie Baird Invented the television London
  (1925)
• Robert Goddard Invented liquid fuel rocket
  (1926)
• Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin (1928)
• Frank Whittle The jet engine (1930)

37
In 1927, Baird demonstrated colour television and
a video-recording system he called a
"Phonovision". In 1928, Baird made the first
transatlantic television transmission and one
year later he started regular 30-line mechanical
broadcasts.
38
In 1926, Goddard launched his first prototype
rocket, called Nell, at his aunts farm. Nell
stood 10 feet tall. When its oxygen-gasoline fuel
mix was ignited, nothing happened.at first. Then
the ignition caught and Nell was launched at 60
mph and climbed to a modest 14 metres before
falling back into a cabbage patch.
39
Antibiotics transformed medicine.

• One of the most important medical advances in
  history began by accident. On the morning of
  September 3rd, 1928, Professor Alexander Fleming
  was having a clear up of his cluttered
  laboratory. He was sorting through a number of
  glass plates which had previously been coated
  with staphyloccus bacteria as part of research
  Fleming was doing. One of the plates had mould on
  it. The mould was in the shape of a ring and the
  area around the ring seemed to be free of the
  bacteria staphyloccus. The mould was penicillium
  notatum. Fleming had a life long interest in ways
  of killing off bacteria and he concluded that the
  bacteria on the plate around the ring had been
  killed off by some substance that had come from
  the mould.

40
People and Inventions

• Percy Shaw Inventor of cats eyes - road safety
  (1934)
• Laszlo Jose Biro Invented the ball point pen
  (1938)
• Igor Sikorsky Inventor of the modern helicopter
  (1939)
• Enrico Fermi First nuclear reactor Chicago
  (1942)
• Willem Kolff Invented the kidney dialysis
  machine (1944)
• Percy Spencer Invented the microwave oven (1946)
• George de Mestral Invented Velcro (1948)

41
In 1939, Igor Sikorsky built and flew his VS-300
in America. His machine had the familiar single
main lifting engine and an engine mounted at the
rear which gave the pilot directional control.
The VS-300 had an open-plan cockpit.
42
People and Inventions

• Carl Djerassi Developed the contraceptive pill
  (1951)
• Sir Christopher Cockerell Invented the hovercraft
  (1955)
• Jonas Salk Made the vaccine for polio (1955)
• Jack Kilby First microchip (1958)
• Wilson Greatbatch Invented the first heart
  pacemaker (1960)
• Douglas Engelbart Invented the computer mouse
  (1964)
• Stephanie Kwolek Invented kevlar (1966)

43
Upon receiving his M.D., Jonas Salk began his
studies in immunization against influenza, trying
to develop a vaccine against this disease. His
attention was caught by the study of
poliomyelitis, which led to the development of
the now-famous Salk Vaccine against polio.
44
Wilson Greatbatch is known for inventing the
implantable cardiac pacemaker. The pacemaker has
been used in over three million heart patients
helping them live longer and better. Mr.
Greatbatch has a lifelong commitment to improving
and refining his invention. He currently holds
more than 240 patents and is member of the
National Inventors Hall of Fame and the National
Academy of Engineering. Wilson was born in
Western New York and currently lives near a dairy
farm outside of Buffalo.
cardiac pacemaker
Wilson Greatbatch
45
People and Inventions

• J. Kilby, J. Merryman and J. von Tassel The
  portable calculator (1967)
• George Gray Invented the LCD and LED (1970)
• Herbert Boyer Genetic engineering (1973)
• Akio Morita Personal stereo (1979)
• Tim Berners-Lee World Wide Web (1989)
• Ian Wilmut First cloned sheep - Dolly (1997)

46
Dolly, the world's first cloned mammal
47
Inventions 2000

•  
• Inventions of 2000
• Environmentally friendly transformer fluid from
  vegetable oils invented by T.V. Oommen.
• Fluid Sense infusion pump invented (automatic
  and standardized intravenous applicator).

48
Inventions 2000

• Inventions of 2001
• AbioCor artificial heart invented by Abiomed -
  the Abiocor represents groundbreaking medical
  miniaturization technology.
• Nuvaring birth control invented by Organon.
• Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth
  Matsumura and Alin Foundation.
• Fuel cell bike invented by Aprilia.
• Self-cleaning windows invented by PPG
  Industries.

49
The AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart
50
Inventions 2000

• Inventions of 2002
• Braille Glove invented by Ryan Patterson.
• Phone tooth invented by James Auger and Jimmy
  Loizeau.
• Nano-tex - nanotechnology wearable fabrics
  invented by Nano-tex LLC.
• Birth control patch invented by Ortho McNeil
  Pharmaceutical.
• Foveon Camera Chip invented by Richard Merrill.
• Date Rape Drug Spotter invented by Francisco
  Guerra.
• Solar Tower invented by Jorge Schlaich.
• Virtual keyboard invented by Canesta and VKB.
• ICOPOD invented by Sanford Ponder.

51
These stylish shelters were a big hit at the
Burning Man festival this summer, but they're not
just for fun. Fashioned from a single piece of
laminated paperboard (plus a floor and a door),
they are sturdy, wind resistant, waterproof, well
insulated and require no special skills or tools
to assemble perfect, according to their
inventor, for use as temporary housing in a war
or a natural disaster. The Shade Pod, an open-air
version with legs, is just right for lawn
parties.
ICOPOD
52
Inventions 2000

• Inventions of 2003
• Optical Camouflage System invented by Susumu
  Tachi, Masahiko Inami, and Naoki Kawakami
• Toyota's Hybrid Car
• Ice Bike invented by Dan Hanebrink
• New Toy Robots Max the robotic cat invented by
  Omron, LUCKY, THE ROVING ROBO-RAPTOR invented by
  Walt Disney Imagineering, and Sony builds Aibo a
  companion called Orio
• New Fabrics, Salmon Skin Leather invented by
  Claudia Escobar and Skini, Luminex a glowing
  fabric invented by Luminex. 
• Java Log - (log for your fireplace made from used
  coffee grinds) invented by Rod Sprules
• Infrared Fever Screening System used in public
  buildings to scan for people with a high
  temperature from a fever or sars invented by
  Singapore Technologies Electronics and the
  Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency
• The No-Contact Jacket invented by Adam Whiton and
  Yolita Nugent, protects the wearer by electric
  shocking any attackers. 

53
Salmon Skin Leather

• Pioneers in Haute Couture fashion garments.
• Beautiful Exotic Innovative Eco-Friendly designs.
• A hand-made exclusive collection.  
•  
• SKINILONDON, The Studio, 22, Inks Green,
  Chingford, London E4 9EL, ENGLAND, U.K.
• Worldwide Tel INT CODE 208 926 6877
• Fax INT CODE 208 925 8708
• UK Tel [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Email enquiries_at_skinilondon.com
•  

54
Inventions 2000

• Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth
  Matsumura and Alin Foundation.

55
Inventions 2000
Bridge Tilts for Boat Traffic
56
Inventions 2000
Rocket Plane
57
Inventions 2000
Plane/Boat
58
Inventions 2000

• Braille Glove invented by Ryan Patterson.

59
Inventions 2000
Wireless Kanji Translator
60
Inventions 2000
Infrared Fever Screening System used in public
buildings to scan for people with a high
temperature from a fever or sars invented by
Singapore Technologies Electronics and the
Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency
61
Inventions 2000
Max the robotic cat
62
Inventions 2000
Toyota's Hybrid Car
63
Inventions 2000