Heart disease and ... Was the lower rates of heart diseas

1
This lesson will increase your knowledge of
concepts covered in the following TEKS for
biology
3.a Analyze, review, and critique scientific
explanations 3.c Evaluate impact of research on
scientific thought, society, and the environment
4.b Investigate and identify cellular
processes 9.a Compare the structures and
functions of different types of biomolecules such
as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids 10.a Interpret the functions of systems
in organisms 10.b Compare the
interrelationships of organ systems to each other
and to the body as a whole
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11.a Identify and describe the relationships
between internal feedback mechanisms in the
maintenance of homeostasis 11.b Investigate and
identify how organisms respond to external
stimuli 11.c Analyze the importance of
nutrition, environmental conditions, and physical
exercise on health
3
Previous LessonEffects of Alcohol on the Heart
and Liver
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Question Why is the liver such an important
organ?
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The liver gateway to the body
All the digested food molecules moving from small
intestine into the blood, go first to the liver
Based on Campbell, et al., Biology Concepts
and Connections, Benjamin Cummings
6
Functions of the Liver

• Detoxification of blood including the breakdown
  of alcohol
• Regulation of blood sugar levels
• Conversion of ammonia to urea
• Production of cholesterol
• Production of blood proteins
• Production of bile

7
Question What is the J-shaped curve and what
does it predict?
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The J-Shaped Curve Hypothesis
J

• HIGH LEVEL OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION associated
  with increased health problems

NO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTON associated with some
health problems like heart attack
LOW LEVEL OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION associated with
less health problems like heart attack
9
Question Why do women reach a BAC level of 0.08
faster than men, even when they drink the same
amount of alcohol at the same rate?
10
Why is drinking different for women and men?

• Women have less alcohol
• dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the
• stomach lining and liver that breaks
• down alcohol
• Women have less body water, allowing
• alcohol to become more concentrated
• than in men
• Women tend to be smaller

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Question Why do heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis
of the liver and why can this be fatal?
Normal
Cirrhosis
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Normal liver cells
Alcohol damaged liver cells
Based on Scientific American, March 1976
Alcohol and its breakdown products are toxic to
the liver cells, killing the cells and causing
scar tissue
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Cirrhosis Interferes with Functions of the Liver

• Detoxification of blood
• Regulation of blood sugar levels
• Conversion of ammonia to urea
• Ammonia is toxic to the brain and a person will
  go into a hepatic coma
• Production of cholesterol
• Production of blood proteins
• Production of bile

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Todays LessonCirculatory System and Heart
Disease
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Humans are biological machines, made out of
about 2 million types of proteins and running on
the energy of ATP converted from glucose and fats
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Major Parts of the Machine
Based on Starr, C., Biology Concepts and
Applications, Brooks/Cole
food, water intake
oxygen intake
elimination of carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Respiratory System
nutrients, water, salts
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Circulatory System
Urinary System
water solutes
elimination of excess water salts, wastes
rapid transport to and from all living cells
elimination of food residues
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Overview of Lesson

• The heart
• Blood pressure
• Diet and clogged arteries
• USDA vs Mediterranean diet
• Heart disease and women

18
Functions of the Heart

• Pump blood to lungs to
• get oxygen and get rid of
• carbon dioxide
• Pump blood to organs
• and cells of body to
• supply nutrients and
• pickup waste

Based on Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, Wm. C.
Brown Publishers
19
Cross-section of Heart
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
20
a. Atria ventricles relaxed
Cardiac Cycle
b. Atria contract
c. Ventricles contract
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
21
Control of Heart Beat
Based on Campbell, et al., Biology Concepts
and Connections, Benjamin Cummings
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Normal ECG
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
P wave prior to atrial contraction QRS prior
to ventricular contraction T wave occurs when
ventricles recovering from contraction
Abnormal ECG
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Overview of Lesson

• The heart
• Blood pressure
• Diet and clogged arteries
• USDA vs Mediterranean diet
• Heart disease and women

24
Capillary System
Arterial End
Venous End
Based on Biology Campbell, et al., Biology
Concepts and Connections, Benjamin Cummings

• Blood pressure (outwards) is
• less than osmotic pressure
• (inwards)
• So net pressure is inwards and
• water moves into capillary

• Blood pressure (outwards) is
• greater than osmotic pressure
• (inwards)
• So net pressure is outwards and
• water moves out to cells

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High Blood Pressure

• High blood pressure
• Damage to arteries
• Deposition of cholesterol in arteries
• Heart disease and stroke

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Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure is measured as the ventricles
contract
Diastolic pressure is measured when ventricles
are at rest
Based on Harvard Family Health Guide
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Blood Pressures

• Optimal blood pressure
• around 120/70 mm
• High blood pressure
• 140/90 mm or greater
• Hypertension statistics
• 1994 50 million
• 2004 65 million, more younger

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Treatment for High Blood Pressure

• Maintain healthy weight
• Vigorous activity 3x week
• Lower saturated fats and trans fats
• Limit salt
• Drug therapy
• Diuretics to reduce fluid volume
• and blood volume
• Beta blockers to block hormones
• that cause heart to beat faster

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Overview of Lesson

• The heart
• Blood pressure
• Diet and clogged arteries
• USDA vs Mediterranean diet
• Heart disease and women

30
Diet and Heart Disease

• Intake of saturated and trans fats
• Increase in LDLHDL ratio
• Increased deposition of cholesterol in arteries
  of the heart
• Blockage of arteries and death of heart muscle

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Fat Synthesis
Saturated
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
Unsaturated
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LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) The bad
cholesterol that deposits fatty particles in your
blood vessels to form plaques and block
arteriesHDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) The
good cholesterol that carries fatty particles
from your blood vesselsRecommendations Total
of 200 mg/dL or below is healthy, LDL below 130,
and HDL above 45
Cholesterol
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How Atherosclerosis Develops
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Heart Attack
Muscle death
Based on Harvard Medical School, 1999
Why would the heart muscle die?
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Coronary Bypass
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, Wm. C.
Brown Publishers
36
Overview of Lesson

• The heart
• Blood pressure
• Diet and clogged arteries
• USDA vs Mediterranean diet
• Heart disease and women

37
Old Pyramid gt My Pyramid
My Pyramid April 2005 USDA website helps create
a pyramid plan based on age, sex, activity level
and if pregnant or breastfeeding. www.mypyramid.g
ov
Based on U.S. World News and Report, July 4, 1994
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The Mediterranean Pyramid
Based on U.S. World News and Report, July 4, 1994
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Rationale for Mediterranean Diet
Observed that men living in the Mediterranean
area had lower rates of heart disease They ate
a Mediterranean-type diet with little red meat
and much of fat intake was olive oil (an
unsaturated fat)But these men also worked hard
in the fields and exercised moreWas the lower
rates of heart disease due to diet or exercise?
Or was it due to both?
40
The Lyon Diet Heart Study 1994
Test subjects with heart disease, using the
Mediterranean diet, had a reduced risk of a
second heart attack by 50-70
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Overview of Lesson

• The heart
• Blood pressure
• Diet and clogged arteries
• USDA vs Mediterranean diet
• Heart disease and women

42
Heart Failure in Women

• Women tend to
• experience heart attacks
• 10-20 years later than
• men, but their first heart
• attack is more likely to
• be fatal
• Many women may not
• experience the same
• classic symptoms that
• men experience (pain in
• the chest and arm)
• because spasms of
• vessels (not blocked
• arteries) may cause the
• heart attack

Based on Time, April 28, 2003
43
Congestive Heart Failure

• Because women tend to be older and their disease
  more advanced when the receive diagnosis, 1 in 5
  women will die within one year of diagnosis
• Twice as many women as men tend to be disabled by
  heart failure

Based on Time, April 28, 2003
44
To reduce cardiovascular disease

• Activity 30 min brisk walk 3-4 x week
• Stop smoking
• Smoking triples chance of heart attack
• Lose weight
• Excess fat (especially around middle) increases
  risk of heart attack
• Lower LDL and raise HDL cholesterol
• HDL may be better predictor
• Control blood pressure
• Hypertension makes the heart work harder
• Dont count on hormones
• HRT can increase risk of heart attack
• Reduce stress

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Next LessonSmoking, Emphysema and Lung Cancer
46
Cellular Respiration(in mitochondria of
cells)C6H12O6 (energy) O2 ADP PATP
(energy) CO2 H2O
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