NESDIS National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

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Evolution of Leo and Geo Remote Sensing
Capabilities The Bologna Lectures Paul
Menzel NOAA/NESDIS/ORA
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(No Transcript)
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Comparison of geostationary (geo) and low
earth orbiting (leo) satellite capabilities Geo
Leo observes process itself observes
effects of process (motion and targets of
opportunity) repeat coverage in
minutes repeat coverage twice daily (?t ? 30
minutes) (?t 12 hours) full earth disk
only global coverage best viewing of
tropics best viewing of poles same viewing
angle varying viewing angle differing solar
illumination same solar illumination visible,
IR imager visible, IR imager (1, 4 km
resolution) (1, 1 km resolution) one visible
band multispectral in visible (veggie
index) IR only sounder IR and microwave
sounder (8 km resolution) (17, 50 km
resolution) filter radiometer filter
radiometer, interferometer, and
grating spectrometer
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Continuity of Operational Satellite ProgramsNOAA
Satellite Launches Scheduled to Maintain
Continuity
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
GOES 8
GOES 9 (stored in orbit)
GOES 10
GOES 11 (stored in orbit)
GOES M
GOES N Series
GOES R-Series
NOAA 12
NOAA 14

NOAA 15
NOAA 16 (pm)
NOAA M (am)
NOAA N (pm)
NOAA N (pm)
METOP-1, 2, 3
European Coordination
NPOESS
Actual launch dates are determined by the
failure of on-orbit assets
Satellite is operational beyond design life
Assumes METOP will provide the morning orbit
and NOAA-N will provide afternoon orbit
instruments
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GOES Program Overview

• GOES satisfies National Weather Service (NWS)
  requirements for 24 hour observation of weather
  and Earths environment supports storm-scale
  weather forecasting by forecasters and numerical
  models
• To meet requirements, GOES continuously maintains
  operational satellites at two locations (75o West
  and 135o West), with an on-orbit space ready in
  case of failure

On-Orbit Storage
Operational Spacecraft
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Geostationary Satellites

• Warnings to US Publicdetect, track, and
  characterize
• Hurricanes
• Severe or possibly tornadic storms
• Flash flood producing weather systems
• Imagery for weather forecasting
• Winds for aviation and NWS numerical models
• Environmental data collection platforms
• Buoys, rain gauges, etc

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GOES Products

• Atmospheric Temperature and Moisture Measurements
• Water Vapor Imagery
• Cloud Supplement for Automated Surface
  Observations
• Satellite Precipitation Estimates
• Cloud Motion and Water Vapor Winds
• Fog Detection
• Moisture Profiles
• Volcanic Detection
• Tropical Storm Bulletins
• Snow and Ice Analysis
• Broadcasting weather charts and images
• Fire Detection and Monitoring

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GOES Satellites
Imager 120 kg 177 W 2.62 Mbps
GOES-I Series 2105 kg
Sounder 132 kg 178 W 40 kbps
GOES-N Series 1615 kg
IOO 35 kg 150 W 100 kbps
SXI 23 kg 57 W 100 kbps
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Advanced Baseline Imager
ABI Current Spatial resolution Visible
(0.64 mm) 0.5 km Approx. 1 km All other
bands 2 km Approx. 4 km Spatial
coverage Full disk 4 per hour Every 3
hours CONUS 12 per hour 4 per
hour Operation during eclipse Yes No Sp
ectral Coverage 8-12 bands 5 bands
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MODIS
ABI
Severe convection IR windows 25 February 2001
Images shown in GOES projection.
GOES-8
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ABI spatial coverage rate versus the current GOES
Imager
ABI coverage in 5 minutes
GOES coverage in 5 minutes
The expected routine schedule for ABI will be
full disk images every 15 minutes plus CONUS
images every 5 minutes.
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0.59 0.69 0.64 Visible Daytime clouds,
fog 0.81 0.91 0.86 Solar window Day
clouds, NDVI, fog, aerosol, ocean studies
1.36 - 1.39 1.375 Near IR Daytime thin cirrus
detection 1.58 1.64 1.61 Near
IR Daytime clouds/snow, water/ice clouds
3.8 4.0 3.9 Shortwave IR Nighttime low
clouds, fog, fire detection 5.7
6.6 6.15 Water Vapor 1 Upper tropospheric flow,
winds 6.8 7.2 7.0 Water Vapor 2 Mid
tropospheric flow, winds 8.3 8.7 8.5
IR Window 1 Sulfuric acid aerosols, cloud
phase, sfc 10.1 10.6 10.35 IR Window
2 Cloud particle size, sfc properties
10.8 11.6 11.2 IR Window 3 Clouds, low-level
water vapor, fog, winds, SST 11.8 12.8
12.3 IR Window 4 Low-level water vapor,
volcanic ash, SST 13.0 13.6 13.3 Carbon
Dioxide Cloud-top parameters, heights for winds
Proposed ABI (8 or 12) channels
Wavelengths Description Primary
Use Range (?m) Center
proposed additional channel to baseline of
eight channels.
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IR channels on current GOES and proposed 12-band
ABI
UW-Madison/CIMSS
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Simulated ABI (from MODIS)All images are
displayed at 2 km resolution
Two visible bands, two near IR and eight IR bands
(10.3 not shown)
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Simulated GOES (from MODIS)
Visible (at 1 km), WV (at 8 km), and three IR
windows (at 4 km)
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ABS
Spectral coverage of the ABS, GIFTS, IASI and the
current GOES radiometer sounder
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Spatial Coverage
Areas within 62 degrees local zenith angle from
GOES-East and GOES-West sub-satellite points are
indicated. Threshold coverage rate calls for the
62 arc region, excluding half of over-lap, to be
scanned each hour. Current GOES -E and -W sounder
hourly coverage is also shown.
UW-Madison/CIMSS
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100
100
Advanced Sounder (3074)
GOES (18)
Pressure (hPa)
Pressure (hPa)
1000
1000
Moisture Weighting Functions
High spectral resolution advanced sounder will
have more and sharper weighting functions
compared to current GOES sounder. Retrievals will
have better vertical resolution.
UW/CIMSS
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These water vapor weighting functions reflect the
radiance sensitivity of the specific channels to
a water vapor change at a specific level
(equivalent to dR/dlnq scaled by dlnp).
Moisture Weighting Functions
Pressure
Weighting Function Amplitude
Wavenumber (cm-1)
UW/CIMSS
The advanced sounder has more and sharper
weighting functions
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Detection of Temperature Inversions Possible with
Interferometer
Texas
Spikes down - Cooling with height
(No inversion)
Brightness Temperature (K)
Spikes up - Heating with height
Ontario
(low-level inversion)
The detection of inversions is critical for
severe weather forecasting. Combined with
improved low-level moisture depiction, critical
ingredients for night-time severe storm
development over the Plains can be monitored.
UW-Madison/CIMSS
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window
Inverted TBB
Atm Sfc Temp (K) Sfc Moisture (gm/Kg) Cold
276 4 Warm/moist 303
23 Hot/dry 308 8
UW-Madison/CIMSS
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Summary -- ABS

• The Advanced Sounder overcomes existing
  instrument limitations.
• Geostationary interferometer will resolve high
  temporal and vertical fluctuations of moisture
  that are not resolved by current in-situ or
  satellite measurements.
• Only geostationary interferometer observes
  critical meteorological parameters (temperature,
  moisture, clouds, winds) with necessary temporal,
  spatial and vertical resolutions to support
  future
• Nowcasting,
• Short-range weather forecasting, and
• Longer-range numerical weather prediction.
• The Advanced Sounder will provide required high
  spectral resolution measurements.

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POES Program Overview

• To provide for a continuous flow of global
  environmental information in support of NWS
  operational requirements
• This requires two satellites on-orbit (one in an
  afternoon orbit and one in a morning orbit) to
  ensure continuous coverage during the time it
  takes to launch and checkout a replacement
  satellite

Sun-Synchronous Orbit Period 101 min. Altitude
870 Km Scan width 2700 km Circle Earth 14
times per day
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Sun-synchronous Satellites

• POES (sun-synchronous) satellites provide
  continuous global environmental observations in
  support of operational requirements for
• Weather forecasting
• Detection of weather systems and significant
  environmental events (i.e., fires, oil spills,
  volcanic eruptions)
• Measurements of atmospheric ozone and space
  environment
• Collection of data from surface platforms (i.e.,
  buoys)
• Search and rescue
• This requires two satellites on-orbit to ensure
  for observations at least every twelve hours from
  each point on the Earth

POES K-N 2231 kg
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POES Products

• Input for forecast weather models
• 3-D measurements of temperature and humidity
• Cloud imagery
• Sea surface temperature observations
• Snow and ice cover
• Vegetation index
• Aerosol observations
• Atmospheric ozone measurements
• Fire detection and monitoring
• Volcanic ash cloud tracking

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POES (K-N) Instruments
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POES (K-N) Instruments
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NPP PROPOSED INSTRUMENTS FROM IPO VIIRS
(VISIBLE INFRARED RADIOMETER SUITE) 20
CHANNEL (INCLUDING .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, 1.2
1.4, 1.6, 2.1, 3.7, 6.5, 8.6, 10.3, 11.0,
12.0, 13.3 UM) 12 BIT, lt 1 KM RES, VIS CAL, IRW
NEDT OF .1 K CRIS (CROSS TRACK IR SOUNDER)
INTERFEROMETER COVERING SW (4.0 UM) TO LW
(15.4) 1 KM (VERT), 10 KM (HOR), AND 1 K
RES LEVERAGED FROM NASA ATMS (ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER) COVERING
23, 31, SEVERAL 50, 89, 166, AND 183 GHZ
BANDS 10 KM FOV AT 183, S/N AS GOOD AS AMSU IN
CRIS FOV, 118 GHZ ALSO BEING EXPLORED
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Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite VIIRS
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM

• Description
• Collects visible/infrared imagery and radiometric
  data. Data types include atmospheric, clouds,
  earth radiation budget, clear-air land/water
  surfaces (including ocean color), and low light
  visible imagery. Primary contributions for
  satisfying 26 EDRs.

Heritage and Risk Reduction DMSP -
Operational Linescan System (OLS) MOLS on
F18-20 POES - Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR/3) EOS - MODerate resolution
Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS)
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors System Definition/Risk
Reduction ITT Aerospace Raytheon, SBRS
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Cross Track Infrared SounderCrIS
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM

• Description
• Measures Earths radiation to determine the
  vertical distribution of temperature, moisture
  and pressure in the atmosphere. Primary
  contributions for satisfying 3 EDRs.

Heritage and Risk Reduction UW - Seminal
design of Interferometer Thermal Sounder
(ITS) NASA - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
(AIRS) EUMETSAT - Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer Radiometer (IASI) POES -
High-resolution infrared sensor (HIRS) POES N-
Early validation of operational instrument and
algorithms MIT/LL - Prototyping of flight
Michelson Interferometer NAST - NPOESS Airborne
Sounder Testbed
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors System Definition/Risk
Reduction ITT Aerospace Raytheon, SBRS
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Proposed Joint IPO/NASA Risk Reduction Demo -
Proposed NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP)
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM

• Joint IPO/NASA flight of selected critical imager
  and sounding systems
• VIIRS - Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (IPO
  Developed)
• CrIS - Cross-track IR Sounder (IPO)
• ATMS - Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder
  (NASA)
• Instrument of Opportunity - GPS, CERES, ???
  (NASA)

• Provides NPOESS with risk reduction demonstration
• Provides NASA with selected EOS AM and EOS PM
  continuity data
• Joint NASA/IPO study underway (GSFC has lead) to
  determine feasibility and costs

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Suggested ATMS Channels Ch n(GHz) BW(GHz) Chara
cteristic 1 23.8 0.27 split window-water
vapor 100 mm 2 31.4 0.18 split window-water
vapor 500 mm 3 50.3 0.18 window-surface
emissivity 4 51.76 0.40 window-surface
emissivity 5 52.8 0.40 surface
air 6 53.596.115 0.17 4 km 700 mb temp and
precip 7 54.4 0.40 9 km 400 mb temp and
precip 8 54.94 0.40 11 km 250 mb
9 55.5 0.33 13 km 180 mb 10 57.2903 0.33
17 km 90 mb 11 57.2903 .217 0.078 19 km 50
mb 12 57.2903 .322 .048 0.036 25 km 25
mb 13 57.2903 .322 .022 0.016 29 km 10
mb 14 57.2903 .322 .010 0.008 32 km 6
mb 15 57.2903 .322 .004 0.03 37 km 3
mb 16 89.0 6.0 window-precip and water vapor
150 mm 17 166.31 4.0 H2O 18 mm 18 183.317 2.
0 H2O 8 mm 19 183.314.5 2.0 H2O 4.5
mm 20 183.313 1.0 H2O 2.5 mm 21 183.311.8 1.
0 H2O 1.2 mm 22 183.311 0.5 H2O 0.5 mm
In common with AMSU/HSB
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Overview of IORD-I Performance Parameters EDRs
(61)
Dwn Longwave Rad (Surface) DOC Electric
Field Electron Den Profiles/Ionospheric
Spec Fresh Water Ice Edge Motion Geomagnetic
Field DoD Ice Surface Temperature In-situ Ion
Drift Velocity In-situ Plasma Density
DoD In-situ Plasma Fluctuations DoD In-situ
Plasma Temperature DoD Insolation
DOC Ionospheric Scintillation DoD Land
Surface Temperature Littoral Sediment Transport
DoD (Blk 6) Net Heat Flux DoD Net Short Wave
Rad (TOA) DOC Neutral Den Profiles/Neutral
Atmos Spec Normalized Difference Veg Index
DOC Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (Blk 6
Option) Ocean Wave Characteristics (Blk 6
Option) Ozone Total Column/Profile DOC
Atmos Vertical Moisture Profile Atmos Vertical
Temp Profile Imagery Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Surface Winds Soil Moisture Aerosol
Optical Thickness Aerosol Particle Size Albedo
(Surface) Auroral Boundary Auroral Imagery Cloud
Base Height (Blk 6) Cloud Cover/Layers Cloud
Effective Particle Size Cloud Ice Water Path
DOC Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Optical
Depth/Transmittance DOC Cloud Top Height Cloud
Top Pressure DOC Cloud Top Temperature Currents
(Ocean)
Precipitable Water DOC Precipitation
Type/Rate Pressure (Surface/Profile) DoD Rad
Belt/Low Energy Solar Particles Sea Ice Age and
Edge Motion Sea Surface Hgt/Topography (Blk 6
Option) Snow Cover/Depth Solar EUV Flux DOC
(Phase A OPQ Option) Solar Irradiance DOC
(Phase A OPQ Option) Solar/Galactic Cosmic Ray
Part Supra - Thermal - Auroral Particles Surface
Wind Stress Suspended Matter Total Auroral Energy
Deposition Total Longwave Rad (TOA) DOC Total
Water Content DoD Turbidity (Blk 6
Option) Upper Atmospheric Airglow
DoD Vegetation Index/Surface Type DoD
key parameters
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NPOESSNotional Payloads to Satisfy IORD-I
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
NPOESS Payloads
0530
1330
0930 (METOP)
IPO Developed Visible/IR
Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) X X X
(AVHRR) Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS) X X
(IASI/HIRS) Conical MW Imager/Sounder
(CMIS) X X Ozone Mapper/Profiler Suite
(OMPS) X X (GOME) GPS Occultation Sensor
(GPSOS) X X X (GRAS) Space Environmental Suite
(SES) X X X (SEM) Leveraged
Advanced Technology MW Sounder (ATMS) X X
(AMSU/MHS) Data Collection System
(DCS) X X X Search and Rescue
(SARSAT) X X Earth Radiation Budget Sensor
(CERES) X Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) X
Radar altimeter (ALT) X
Critical payload - Failure constitutes need to
replace satellite
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NPOESS Products(NPOESS IORD Environmental Data
Records by Discipline)
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NPOESS Products(NPOESS IORD Environmental Data
Records by Instrument)
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NPOESS Instruments
US 0530 US 0930 US 1330 EUM 0930 VIIRS VIIRS VII
RS CMIS CMIS CMIS CrIS IASI ATMS AMSU/MH
S OMPS GOME GPSOS GPSOS GRAS SESS SESS SEM
CERES TSIS ALT ASCAT DCS DCS DCS SARSA
T SARSAT SARSAT
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NPOESS Instruments in Development/Production Phase
87 kg 91 W 1.8 Mbps
Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS) (Engineering
Development Unit) ITT
66 kg 85 W 30 kbps
45 kg 45 W 180 kbps
Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (Artist
Conception) Ball
Advanced Technology MW Sounder (ATMS) (GSFC
Notional Design) Aerojet
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Polar Satellite Transition Schedule(9 March
2001)Slopes indicate 10-90 need (NPOESS GAP 5b)
Projected End of Life based on 50 Need
CY
99
00
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
03
08
09
10
01
02
07
04
05
06
0530
F20
F18
F16
C3
NPOESS
DMSP
0730 - 1030
F17
F19
F15
NPOESS
NPOESS
C1 or C2
DMSP
M
POES
METOP
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
1330
N
N
C2 or C1
L (16)
NPOESS
POES
Earliest Need to back-up launch
Mission Satisfaction
S/C delivery interval driven by 15 month IAT
schedule
S/C Deliveries
Earliest Availability
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Long Range Integrated Satellite Transition
99
00
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
03
08
09
10
01
02
07
04
05
06
19
20
21
CY
POLAR
0530
NPOESS
DMSP
WindSat
0730- 1030
NPOESS
DMSP
METOP
POES
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
Terra
Integrated System
NPP
C2 or C1
NPOESS
1330
POES
Aqua
GEO GIFTS
GOES R Series
GOES
GOES R Series
GOES
GIFTS/IOMI