Terrorism

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Terrorism
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Terrorism Is Theatre

• As stated by Brian Jenkins - terrorism expert -
  terrorist acts are often deliberately
  spectacular, designed to rattle and influence a
  wide audience, beyond the victims of the violence
  itself.

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The Terrorism Picture I

• New York City- Jan 24, 1975
• Beirut, Lebanon- Apr 18, 1983
• Beirut, Lebanon- Oct 23, 1983
• Beirut, Lebanon- June 14, 1985
• Ireland- June 23, 1985

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The Terrorism Picture II

• Locerbie, Scotland- Dec 21, 1988
• New York City- Feb 26, 1993
• Manila, Philippines- Jan 1995
• Oklahoma City- Apr 19, 1995
• Tokyo, Japan- March 1995

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The Terrorism Picture III

• Dharan, Saudi Arabia- June 25, 1996
• Nairobi, Kenya, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania- Aug 7,
  1998
• Canada- Dec 1999
• Aden, Yemen- Oct 12, 2000
• New York City and Arlington, VA- Sept 11, 2001

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Common Terrorist Organizations

• Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front
• Al Queda
• Armed Islamic Group
• Japanese Red Army
• Al-Jihad

• National Liberation Army
• Palestine Islamic Jihad
• Popular Liberation Front
• Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

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FBI Definition

• . . . the unlawful use of force and violence
  against persons or property to intimidate or
  coerce a government, the civilian population, or
  any segment thereof, in furtherance of political
  or social objectives.

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Department of Defense Definition

• . . . the calculated use of violence or threat
  of violence to inculcate fear intended to coerce
  or to intimidate governments or societies in the
  pursuit of goals that are generally political,
  religious, or ideological.

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State Department Definition

• . . . an activity, directed against persons
  involving violent acts or acts dangerous to human
  life which would be a criminal violation if
  committed within the jurisdiction of the U.S.
  and is intended to intimidate or coerce a
  civilian population to influence the policy of a
  government by intimidation or coercion or to
  affect the conduct of a government by
  assassination or kidnappingto include the use of
  certain weapons of mass destruction.

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Terrorism is

• A specific type of violence.
• Perpetrated.
• Calculated.
• Motivated by political, religious, or ideological
  objectives.
• Intended to produce fear.
• Carried out by subnational groups.

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United Nations Definition

• . . . all war crimes will be considered acts of
  terrorism, in which case most every government in
  the world has committed terrorism, though few
  have ever faced justice or were even disgraced
  for doing so.

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Terrorism or Acts of War

• One mans terrorist is another mans freedom
  fighter.

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Types of Terrorism

• Nationalist
• Religious
• State-sponsored
• Left-wing
• Right-wing
• Anarchist

• Terrorism can be either domestic or international.

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Nationalist Terrorism

• Seek to form a separate state for their own
  national group, often by drawing attention to a
  fight for national liberation that they think
  the world has ignored.

• Example groups include Irish Republican Army,
  Palestine Liberation Organization, Basque
  Fatherland and Liberty, and Kurdistan Workers
  Party

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Religious Terrorism

• Seek to use violence to further what they see as
  divinely commanded purposes, often targeting
  broad categories of foes in an attempt to bring
  about sweeping changes.

• Examples include Osama bin Ladens al-Queda
  network, Palestinian Sunni Muslim organization
  Hamas, Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, and some
  American white-supermacist militias

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State-Sponsored Terrorism

• Deliberately used by radical states as foreign
  policy tools.
• State Department says Iran is the primary state
  sponsor of terrorism today.

• Examples include Hezbollah backed by Iran, Abu
  Nibal Organization backed by Iraq, Japanese Red
  Army that often work on contracts for Libya

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Left-Wing Terrorism

• Out to destroy capitalism and replace it with a
  communist or socialist regime.

• Examples include Baader-Meinhof Group (Germany),
  Japanese Red Army (Lebanon), The Weathermen
  (America 1970s), and Red Brigades (Italy)

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Right-Wing Terrorism

• Seek to do away with liberal democratic
  governments and create fascist states in their
  place.

• Examples include neo-Nazi or Neofascist terrorist
  groups.

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Anarchist Terrorism

• Revolutionaries seek to overthrow established
  governments launched a wave of bombing and
  assassinated a series of heads of state.
• Leon Czolgosz, anarchist who assassinated
  President William McKinley in 1901.

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Domestic Terrorism

• Involves groups or individuals who are based and
  operate entirely within the United States or its
  territories without foreign direction and whose
  acts are directed at elements of the U.S.
  Government or population.

• Examples include Timothy McVeigh (right-wing),
  The World Church of the Creator (right-wing),
  Aryan Nations (right-wing), Popular Puerto Rican
  Army (left-wing), and Los Macheteros (left-wing).

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Special Interest Terrorism

• Involves extremist special interest groups who
  seek to influence special issues, rather than
  effect widespread political change.

• Examples include Eric Robert Rudolph, Army of
  God, extremists of animal rights, pro-life,
  environmental, and anti-nuclear groups.

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Three Categories of Motivation

• Rational
• Psychological
• Cultural

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Suicide Terrorism

• Is not new.
• Has evolved over the years.
• Has reemerged with a vengeance.
• Is becoming more common.

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The Suicide Terrorist

• Is not necessarily crazy.
• Does not necessarily fit a common profile.
• Can be female.
• Rarely works alone.

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Terrorist Organization

• Terrorists organize to function in the
  environments where they carry out their acts.
• Terrorist groups that are not supported by a
  government usually create a support structure of
  sympathizers and people who have been coerced
  into helping them.

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Contemporary Terrorist Actions

• Assassinations
• Bombings
• Arson
• Hostage-taking
• Hijacking
• Kidnapping
• Seizure and occupation of a building

• Attacks on a facility
• Sabotage
• Perpetration of hoaxes
• Ecological terrorism
• Nuclear, biological, chemical weapons and
  materials.

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Combating Terrorism

• Antiterrorism is defensive measures used to
  reduce the vulnerability of individuals and
  property to terrorist acts, to include limited
  response and containment by local military
  forces.
• Counterterrorism involves those offensive
  measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to
  terrorism.

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U.S. Counterterrorism Policy

• First, make no concessions to terrorists and
  strike no deals.
• Second, bring terrorists to justice for their
  crimes.
• Third, isolate and apply pressure on states that
  sponsor terrorism to force them to change their
  behavior.
• Fourth, bolster the counterterrorism capabilities
  of those countries that work with the U.S. and
  require assistance.

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Terrorism in the Future

• Higher than ever levels of violence.
• Although technology aids in the defense against
  terrorism, it also provides terrorists with
  increased opportunities.
• Ecological disasters
• Chemical weapons
• Weapons of mass destruction

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The Target May Be You

• As US military personnel you will continue to be
  targets for terrorists for the same reason we
  have in the past.
• Collectively and individually, we symbolize US
  power.

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Core Values and Terrorism

• Honor
• Stand strong in the face of adversity when
  dealing with terrorism and terrorist acts.
• Courage
• Rationally combat any threats or acts of
  terrorism.
• Commitment
• Eradicate all terrorism when and where possible.

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Summary

• Defined terrorism.
• Types of terrorism.
• Motivation for terrorists.
• Suicide terrorism.
• Terrorist organization.
• Combating terrorism.
• Terrorism in the future.
• Navy Core Values.

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References

• DoD Directive O-2000, DoD Combating Terrorism
  Program
• SECNAVINST 3300.2
• U.S. Code Title 18 Chapter 113B
• http//www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/terrori
  sm
• http//web.nps.navy.mil/library/terrorism.htm
• http//faculty.ncwc.edu
• http//www.state.gov
• http//www.cqpress.com