Land Observation Satellites

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Land Observation Satellites

• Dr. M. M. Yagoub 
• E-mail myagoub_at_uaeu.ac.ae
• E-mail myagoub_at_hotmail.com
• URL http//faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/myagoub
• URL http//www.angelfire.com/mo/yagoub

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Type of Remote Sensing
Sensor
Optical Sensor System
RADAR System
Visible - Reflective infrared
Wavelength Region
Microwave
Thermal infrared
Transmitted by Remote sensing System
Source
Sun
Object
Object
Reflectance
Thermal radiation (temperature, emissivity)
Backscattering coefficient
Electro-magnetic Spectrum
Visible
Reflective infrared - Thermal infrared
Microwave
0.4 mm
0.7 mm
1 mm
10 mm
3.0 mm
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Key characteristics of Optical Sensor
example Spectral characteristics SPOT
(HRV/XS) - Number of spectral bands 3 bands -
wavelength of each band 0.49 - 0.59 m m 0.61 -
0.68 m m 0.79 - 0.89 m m Spatial
characteristics - Image swath 60 km - Spatial
resolution 20 m
Tow major characteristics of image data acquired
by optical sensor system are keys for
applications.
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Landsat

• Landsat 1-3
• Launched in 1972 at an altitude of 912 Km
• Onboard sensors are Returned Beam Videcon (RBV)
  camera Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) with 4 bands
  and resolution 80m
• Ground swath width 185 Km
• Temporal resolution 18 days
• End of operation 1983

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Landsat -continue

• Landsat 4-5
• Launched in 1982 at an altitude of 705 Km
• Onboard sensors are MSS (80m) and Thematic Mapper
  (TM) with 6 bands and resolution 30m and one band
  in the Infra-Red (IR) with a resolution of 120m
• Ground swath width 185 Km
• Temporal resolution 16 days
• Landsat 6 Launched in 1983 and failed

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Landsat -continue

• Landsat 7
• Launched on 15 April 1999 at an altitude of 705
  Km
• Onboard sensors are (TM 30m) and Enhanced
  Thematic Mpper plus (ETM) with a resolution of
  30m, 15m in panchromatic band and Thermal IR with
  60m resolution (10.4-12.5 ?)
• Ground swath width 185 Km
• Temporal resolution 16 days
• Joint program between NASA, NOAA, and USGS

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LANDSAT 7 Satellite Orbital Characteristics

• Swath width 185 kilometers
• Image Sidelap 7.3 (0 lat.) to 83.9 (80 lat.)
• Repeat coverage interval 16 days (233 orbits)
• Period of Revolution 98.8 minutes
• Altitude 705 kilometers, near-circular
• Sensor Type Opto-mechanical scanner
• Quantization Best 8 of 9 bits
• On-board data storage 375 Gb (solid state)
• Orbit Near-polar, sun-synchronous
• Inclination 98.2 degrees
• Equatorial crossing Descending node 1000am /-
  15 min.
• View Nadir
• Launch vehicle Delta II
• Launch date April 15, 1999

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Landsat 7 ETM Imagery

• Researchers familiar with earlier Landsat 4 and 5
  data will note the addition of a 15-meter
  panchromatic band, two gain ranges, the improved
  60-meter spatial resolution for the thermal band,
  and the addition of two solar calibrators that
  contribute to improved radiometric calibration
  accuracy
• Imagery is available from EROS Data Center DAAC
  in Level 0R (essentially raw data), 1R
  (radiometrically corrected 0R) and 1G
  (radiometrically and systematically corrected 0R)
  processing levels. During processing, the 0R
  image data undergo two-dimensional resampling
  according to user-specified parameters including
  output map projection, rotation angle, pixel
  size, and resampling kernel. Standard data are
  provided via CD, 8mm tape or electronically via
  FTP

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Landsat summary
15/4/99
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Sensors on LANDSAT

• MSS
• 80 m resolution
• TM
• 30 m resolution

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LANDSAT Satellites
high gain antenna
solar array
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
solar array
Thematic Mapper (TM)
Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)
LANDSAT-4 and -5 is a modified used modified
TIROS platform.
The first three LANDSATs occupied spare Nimbus
platforms.
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LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
The groundtrack of a Sun-synchronous satellite
for a single day.
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LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
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LANDSAT World Reference System (WRS)
The standard worldwide reference system as
defined for Landsat series. The WRS indexes
orbits (paths) and scene centers (rows) into a
global grid system comprising 233 paths by 248
rows.
185 km
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LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM)
1 2 3 4 5 7 6 0.45 - 0.52 mm 0 .52 - 0.60
mm 0.63 - 0.69 mm 0.76 - 0.90 mm 1.55 - 1.75
mm 2.08 - 2.35 mm 10.4 - 12.5 mm
Visible Blue
Visible Green
Visible Red
Near Infrared
Short Wave Infrared
Short Wave Infrared
Thermal Infrared
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1 2 3 4 5
7
0.5 1.0 1.5
2.0 2.5 Wavelength in
micron
10 11 12 13
Wavelength in micron
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Color Composite Images of LANDSAT TM
Band 123
Band 234
Band 145
Band 257
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Band combinations, Colors and Reflectance Spectra
Band 123
Electromagnetic Spectrum
1 2 3 4 5
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LANDSAT TM
Band 234
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The SPOT orbit

• SPOT 1,2,3,4 launched in 1986, 90,93, 97 and
  SPOT 5 will be launched by 2001
• Altitude of 822 km, inclination 98 deg. (i.e
  near-polar orbit) (circular)
• The orbital plane have a constant angle relative
  to the Sun direction (sun-synchronous)
• Repeat access to any particular point at
  regular intervals (26 days) (Phased)
  

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The SPOT payload

• The SPOT payload comprises two identical HRV
  (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments,
  two tape recorders for image data, and a payload
  telemetry package for image transmission to
  ground receiving stations
• Each HRV offers an oblique viewing capability,
  the viewing angle being adjustable through /-
  27deg. relative to the vertical
• The unique characteristics of SPOT imagery is the
  ability to obtain Stereoscopic View which is
  important in 3D applications

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HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments
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SPOT imaging
Orbit
HRV 1
HRV 2
60 Km
117 Km
3 Km
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Imaging modes

• Two imaging modes are employed, panchromatic (P)
  and multispectral (XS). Both HRVs can operate in
  either mode, either simultaneously or
  individually
• The panchromatic band covers 0.51
  to 0.73 µm. This single channel
  imaging mode supplies only black and white images
  with a pixel of 10 m

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Imaging modes -continue

• "XS" multispectral mode imaging is performed in
  three spectral bands. The bands used are band XS1
  covering 0.50 to 0.59 µm (green), band XS2
  covering 0.61 to 0.68 µ m (red) and band XS3
  covering 0.79 to 0.89 µm (near infrared)
• By combining the data recorded in these
  channels, color composite images can be produced
  with a pixel size of 20 meters

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SPOTs Sensors

• Multispectral mode
• 20 meter resolution
• 3 channels
• Panchromatic mode
• 10 meter resolution

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Stereo Pair
SPOT
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Indias IRS - 1C Satellite

• One of a series of satellites
• launched in 1995
• sunsynchronous orbit (1030)
• 817 km height
• Three Detectors
• WiFS for low resolution/large area applications
• LISS - 3 is similar to LANDSAT but with less
  channels
• PAN has the highest resolution of commercial
  satellites

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IRS-1Cs Sensors

• WiFS
• whiskbroom
• 188m resolution
• 810 km swath
• 5 day revisit

• LISS - 3
• pushbroom
• 23.5m resolution
• 70 m for Mid IR
• 142 km swath
• 24 day repeat

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IRS 1Cs Sensors

• PAN
• pushbroom that can be steered
• 5.8 m resolution
• 70 km swath
• 24 day revisit

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IKONOS Satellite

• The IKONOS satellite was launched on September
  24, 1999 into a sun-synchronous, near-polar,
  circular low-earth orbit with an altitude of 681
  kilometres above the earth, inclination of 98.1
  degrees, orbit time of 98 minutes, and swath
  width of 11 km. It simultaneously collects
  one-meter resolution black-and-white
  (panchromatic) images and four-meter resolution
  colour (multispectral) images. The revisit
  frequency of the satellite is 2.9 days at 1-meter
  resolution and 1.5 days at 1.5-meter resolution.
  Moreover, users can acquire IKONOS imagery
  according to programmed requests based on
  client's Area of Interest (AOI) co-ordinates. For
  more details refer to
• http//www.spaceimaging.com

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Band components of major optical sensors
Band Wavelength Resolution 4 0.50 - 0.
60mm 80m 5 0.60 - 0.70mm 80m 6 0.70 - 0.80mm 80m 7
0.80 - 1.10mm 80m 1 0.45 - 0.52mm 30m 2 0.52 -
0.60mm 30m 3 0.63 - 0.69mm 30m 4 0.76 - 0.90mm 30m
5 1.55 - 1.75mm 30m 6 10.40 - 12.50mm 120m 7 2.08
- 2.35mm 30m 1 0.49 - 0.59mm 20m 2 0.61 - 0.68m
m 20m 3 0.79 - 0.89mm 20m Pan 0.51 - 0.73mm 10m
1 0.52 - 0.60mm 18m 2 0.63 - 0.69mm 18m 3 0.76 -
0.86mm 18m 4 0.76 - 0.86mm 18m 5 1.60 - 1.71mm 18m
6 2.01 - 2.12mm 18m 7 2.13 - 2.15mm 18m 8 2.27 -
2.40mm 18m 1 0.58 - 0.68mm 1.1km 2 0.725
- 1.10mm 1.1km 3 3.55 - 3.93mm 1.1km 4 10.3
- 11.3mm 1.1km 5 11.5 - 12.5mm 1.1km
g-ray X-ray UV V IR
Microwave
Visible
Infrared
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.8 13.5
LANDSAT (MSS)
4 5 6 7
LANDSAT (TM)
1 2 3 4
5 7 6
SPOT (HRV/XS)
1 2 3
SPOT (HRV/PAN)
Panchromatic
JERS-1 (OPS)
NOAA (AVHRR)
1 2
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Earth Observation Satellites - Image coverage and
spatial resolution -
LANDSAT TM (Band 6) 120 m
LANDSAT MSS 80 m
LANDSAT TM (Band 1-5 7) 30 m
SPOT (HRV/XS) 20 m
JERS-1 (OPS) 18 m
SPOT (HRV/PAN) 10 m
IRS-1C(PAN) 5.8 m
IKONOS 11 x 11 km
IKONOS (PAN) 1m
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Geometric characteristics of image data
IFOV (Instantaneous Field Of View) is defined as
the angle which corresponds to the sampling unit.
Information within an IFOV is represented by a
pixel in the image plane. The maximum angle of
view which a sensor can detect the
electromagnetic energy, is called the FOV (Field
OF View). The width on ground corresponding to
the FOV is called the swath width. The minimum
detectable area, or distance on the ground is
called the ground resolution. Sometimes the
projected area on the ground corresponding to a
image pixel or IFOV also called the ground
resolution.
FOV
IFOV
Swath width
Ground resolution
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Comparison of LANDSAT,SPOT, IRS-1C, and
Russian KVR-1000
LANDSAT TM (30 m)
IRS-1C (5.8m)
SPOT Pan (10 m)
KVR-1000 (2m)
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IKONOS 0.84 m resolution Image over the Diet
Building, Tokyo, Japan
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COMMERCIAL SPACEBORNE INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH
REMOTE SENSING
Landsat-5
SPOT-1, 2
ERS-1, 2
IRS-1C, 1D
SPOT-4
Landsat-7
RADARSAT
TM (30m) Panchromatic (15m)
MSS (80m) TM (30m)
HRV-X (20m) HRV-P (10m)
SAR (30m)
LISS-3 (21-23m) Pan (5.2-5.8m)
SAR (10-100m)
HRV-X (20m) HRV-P (10m)
SENSORS RESOLUTIONS
Visible infrared Near infrared SW infrared TIR
infrared
Visible infrared
Microwave
Visible infrared
Microwave
Visible infrared
Visible infrared Near infrared SW infrared TIR
infrared
WAVELENGTHS
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice
sheet and glacier mapping
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice
sheet and glacier mapping
Oceanographic Studies, Interferometry
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice
sheet and glacier mapping.
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice
sheet and glacier mapping.
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic, ice
sheet and glacier mapping.
Mapping Monitoring, DEM, Interfermetry.
APPLICATIONS
http//www.spotimage.fr
http//geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/landsat/landsat.html
http//earth1.esrin.esa.it/
http//www.nrsa.gov.in
http//www.spotimage.fr
http//geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/landsat/landsat.html
http//www.rsi.ca/
WEB SITE
1984 -
Feb 1986 - Jan 1990 -
May 1991 - Apr 1995 -
Dec 1995 - Sep 1997 -
Nov 1995 -
Mar 1998 -
Apr 1999 -
LAUNCH DATE OR MISSION DURATION
37
HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE
SENSING
IKONOS-1b
QUICBIRD
KOMETA
ORBVIEW-4
ORBVIEW-3
SPIN-2
IKONOS-2/3
KVR-1000 (2m) TK-350 (10m) Camera Type
Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral
(4m) Hyperspectral (8m)
High Spatial Resolution (215m) Camera Type
Multispectral (4m) Panchromatic (1m)
Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral (4m)
Panchromatic (1m) Multispectral (4m)
High Spatial Resolution (0.5m)
SENSORS RESOLUTIONS
Visible Near Infrared
Visible
Visible Near Infrared
Visible Near Infrared
Visible Near Infrared
Visible
Visible Near Infrared
WAVELENGTHS
Mapping, GIS resource
Mapping and Survering gass and pil, agriculture
and fresty, natinal security, mineral exploration
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture
and forestry, national security, mineral
exploration
Mapping, GIS resource
Mapping GIS resources
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture
and forestry, national security, mineral
exploration
Mapping, GIS resource
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil, agriculture
and forestry, national security, mineral
exploration .
APPLICATIONS
http/geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/
ikonos.html
http//www.spin-2.com/
http/geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/
ikonos.html
http//yyy.tksc.nasda.go.jp /Home/This /This_j/ade
os2_j.html
http//www.orbimage.com/
http//www.orbimage.com/
http//www.orbimage.com/
WEB SITE
2000
1981 -
Sep 1999 -
2000
2000
1998 -
2003
LAUNCH DATE OR MISSION DURATION