Entering the 20th Century

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Introduction
Entering the 20th Century What Words Describe
Europe?

• Optimistic?
• Pessimistic?
• In Flux?

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Wilson in Mexico

• President Wilson tried to set up a stable
  governments in Latin America
• He supported Venustiano Carranza as Mexicos
  president
• Pancho Villa did not like Carranza, so he raided
  the US

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Wilson in Latin America

• Wilson used the excuse of Americans being
  arrested in Tampico, Mexico to send marines to
  set up a new government.
• He used no excuse to send marines to other Latin
  American countries to set up stable governments

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The Great War
(A.K.A. World War I)
An Overview
1914-1918 32 Nations Involved 30 Million
Dead 350 Billion Cost Total War
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The Causes

• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Entangling Alliances

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Nationalism
Pride in ones country Desire for respect -
ranking Balkans self-determination
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Imperialism
Have vs. Have Nots Serbia - Bosnia Conflicts
Spheres of Influence
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Militarism
All great nations have navies Building of
armies War Cults, Jingoes Conscription, War
Toys Armaments Industries How to Justify Expense?
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E n t a n g l i n g
A l l i a n c e s
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Europe's
Major Players
Describe Them on WWIs Eve
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Great Britain
Ranked 1 powerful navy Sought to maintain the
Balance of Power System Splendid
Isolation Prevent others from becoming more
powerful Fr/Ger/Rus
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Austria-Hungary
Strong army no navy - 2 dropping Landlocked In
terest in Balkans Bosnia Serbia Conflicted with
Ottoman Empire and Russia Hoped to Limit
Pan-Slavism Relied on Germany
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Germany
Bismarck a Satisfied Power Three Emperors
League (to Isolate France) Germany 4 rising to
2 Kaiser Wilhelm II Changed Policies Sought a
Place in the Sun Decided to compete with
England for 1 Looking for allies against Fr.
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France
Both army and navy 5 rising Humiliated in
Franco-Prussian War Lost Alsace-Lorraine Wanted
revenge Became Very Imperialistic Preparing for
war with Germany Looking for allies against
Germany
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Russia
Expansionist Policies Worlds largest army 3
falling Russia has no navy Interest in Balkans
0/3 Dardanelles and Bosporus Straits Supported
Pan-Slavism
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Others
Italy Wanted to Be a Major Player! Looking for
respect Willing to join either side Wants to
win Ottoman Empire Sick Man of Europe
Balkans Powder Keg Serbia - Hoped to
Create a Greater Serbia Supporting
terrorism in Bosnia
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The Balkan Powder Keg

• Who Had an
• Interest?
• Why?
• Precipitating
• Event?

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• 1908 Balkan Crisis
• 1911 Morocco Crisis
• 1912 First Balkan War
• 1913 Second Balkan War

The Spark?
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Great Nations Have Great Navies
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Germanys Schlieffen Plan
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Francis Josef
Kaiser Wilhelm
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Francis Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
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Ferdinand and Sophie
at Sarajevo, June 28, 1914
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Was the Assassination the Cause of WWI?

• Response to the Assassination?
• A-Hs Ultimatum?
• Serbias Response?
• The Guns of August

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The Guns of August

• June 28 - Assassination of Ferdinand
• July 23 - AH Ultimatum to Serbia!!!
• July 28 - A-H Declared War on Serbia
• Russia Began Mobilizing
• Aug 1 Ger. Declared War on Russia
• France Began Mobilizing
• Aug 3 - Germany Declared War on Fr.

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Europe Divided
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Who Is to Blame for WWI?
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• Aug 4 - Germany Invaded Belgium

Same Day Wilson Issued a Proclamation of
Neutrality

• Aug 4 - GB Declared War on Ger.

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Hi Ho, Hi Ho Its Off to War We Go!
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Western Front Germany Advances Schlieffen Plan
Fails First Battle of The Marne Now?
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Year One
The East
The West
Tannenburg Germany winning A-H Losing Ger
Reinforce A-H

• The First Battle of Marne
• Stalemate
• Dug In
• Trench Warfare
• All Quiet on the W. Front

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Trench Warfare
Machine Guns caused trench warfare
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Inside a German Trench
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Trench Foot
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The Way Some Saw It
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Weapons of Mass Destruction
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Really Big Guns
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Germanys Big Bertha
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An American Howitzer
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WWI Era Tanks
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Gas Warfare
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Whats Happening Here?
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War at Sea
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The British Dreadnought
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The German U-Boat
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War in the Air WWI Airplanes
British German
First used to observe enemy activities
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Germanys Red Baron
T h e A c e s
Eddie Rickenbacker
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Waging War
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Somme 1916 (Allied Offensive)
Verdun 1916 (Ger. Offensive)

• Germany Gained 4 Miles
• Allies 5 Miles
• A Million Casualties in Each!

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Verdun 600,000 lives
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Verdun War Memorial
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Going Over the Top
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IntoNo Mans Land
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and the Perils
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John Nashs Over the Top
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Impact of Verdun and Somme?
Bloodiest 1st Tank
Stalemate Continued War of Attrition
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Verdun Today
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Western Front
Eastern Front
Russia
France
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In the East
The Gallipoli Campaign
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Global War

• Middle East
• T.E. Lawrence
• Arabs Against Ottoman Empire
• In Asia
• Japan Joined Allies
• Took German Colonies
• In Africa
• Send troops
• Allies Took German Colonies

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Why Did U.S. Enter?
1. Cultural Ties
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2. Allied Propaganda

• Rape of Belgium
• Impact?

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British Blockade
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The Great Sea Battle
Battle of Jutland
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Germany used U-Boats

• Breaking the Br. Blockade
• Preying on Neutral/Allied Ships

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3. Economic Interests
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The Evidence?

• 10 Billion in Trade With Allies
• 10 Billion Loans to Allies
• What If the Allies Lost?

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4. Violation of Our Freedom of the Seas...
by GB
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and by Germany
Could Germany Successfully Defend Its Action?
What If
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This Headline?
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• It, too, Became a
• Propaganda Tool
• A Psychological
• Turning Point for
• Many Americans

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G E R M A N Y U N D E R A L L
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5 The Zimmermann Telegram
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6. To Make the World "Safe for Democracy"
Peace w/o Victory War to end all war
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A p r i l 6 , 1 9 1 7
President Wilson Signed the Declaration of War
U.S. Now Had to Mobilize
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The Homefront
How Are Wars Either Won or Lost on the Homefront?
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1917 The Critical Year

• Russia Dropped Out of War
• U.S. Entered the War

• Neutrality
• Efforts to End the War
• Negotiated peace?
• Then

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Russia

• Bolsheviks under Lenin overthrew the czar in
  Russia started the communist government
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia out of the war

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What is the Message?
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• What Role Would the U.S. Play?
• How Soon Could We Make a Difference?

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America at War
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American Doughboys
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Ferdinand Foch
John Pershing
The Commanders
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On The Home Front - Mobilization

• You're in the Army Now
• Selective Service Act - 5/17
• army 200,000 when we entered the war
• conscription - military draft - no substitutes -
  18 to 45 (originally 21-30)
• 3 million drafted out of 24 million listed - used
  lottery
• 2 million volunteered / only 1.7 million served
  in combat
• 370,000 blacks served

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• War Industries Board - 7/17
• Bernard Baruch
• coordinated industry and expanded production of
  war materials - set prices
• Iron and steel shift from cars and trains to
  weapons
• textiles used for uniforms instead of civilian
  clothes
• created shortages of domestic goods at home
• Railroad Admin. - William McAdoo
• Shipping Board - Albert Laskin
• supported by big business
• government agreed to purchase all they could
  produce
• wealthy regained control of business from
  Progressives

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• "Labor Will Win The War"
• National War Labor Board - 4/18
• mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes
• work for everyone
• Samuel Gompers - AFL
• 1. no strikes
• 2. 8 hr. day
• 3. unions legalized given right to collective
  bargaining
• 4. wages rose faster than prices
• Union membership increased from 2.7 to 4 million

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• Women
• a. Industrial jobs
• b. Red Cross
• c. 19th Amendment - reward for their service
• Hard to return to the previous pattern after the
  war
• Blacks
• a. 370,000 drafted - not allowed to serve in
  combat except in segregated units - 40,000
• b. soldiers became black leaders
• c. rising expectations disappointed
• race riots - 1917-1919
• d. movement from southern farms to factory jobs
  in northern cities - 500,000

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• Conservation - voluntary rationing
• Food Administration - 8/17
• Herbert Hoover
• Increased farm output - set prices high
• Hooverizing - encouraged public to conserve food
  
• 1. wheatless meatless, porkless, and sugarless
  days
• 2. victory gardens
• Fuel Administration
• Harry Garfield
• heatless and lightless days
• daylight savings time- to conserve energy

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• Financing the War
• Liberty Bonds - 4 bond drives
• Sec. of Treasury William McAdoo
• Raised taxes and tariffs - 10 billion
• Liberty war bonds - 23 billion - main source of
  income
• 21 million people bought war bonds
• People loaned the government money which it
  would owe plus interest after the war

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• Enforcing Loyalty
• Censorship - Program to limit press and speech -
  criticism viewed as disloyalty - intolerable
• To suppress dissent or criticism Congress passed
  three acts
• 1. Trading with the Enemies Act - Postmaster
  General
• could censor any publications exchanged with
  foreign countries
• 2. Sedition Act - 1918 - extended the espionage
  act
• prohibited speech that was disloyal, profane, or
  abusive of the government, flag, Constitution, or
  armed forces
• casual remarks against the government or war
  effort led to arrest of 1500 most important
  restriction
• 3. Espionage Act - 1917
• punished anyone found guilty of helping the
  enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt
• 10,000 fine and 20 yrs. prison for spreading
  false rumors to impede the war effort - illegal
  to obstruct draft or war bonds

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• Schenck v. U.S. - 1919 - ruled these laws
  Constitutional
• Oliver Wendell Holmes - vote 9-0
• clear and present danger to national security
• leaflets challenging draft
• Abrams vs. U.S. Sedition Act constitutional
• Congressmen were refused seats

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• IWW - International Workers of the World
• Union that opposed the war
• Argued that the war was being fought for the rich
• Discredited the Socialist movement in America

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• Anarchist
• Emma Goldman - 2 years in prison for opposing the
  draft
• Socialists and Communists were persecuted
• Eugene V. Debs given 10 yr. prison sentence
• for predicting the triumph of socialism over
  capitalism
• pardoned 12/21
• IWW
• Leader - William D. Haywood - convicted of
  sedition
• 94 members of IWW also convicted

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• ACLU created to protect civil rights - 1920 -
  American Civil Liberties Union
• anti-German sentiment out of control at home
• 1. books burned
• 2. names changed
• 3. people fired, tarred and feathered, even hanged

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• Promoting Patriotism - Building Support for the
  War
• American Creed - William Tyler Page
• Committee on Public Education and Information
  -4/17
• George Creel
• Influence public opinion to create support for
  the war
• Effort - selling the war - posters and leaflets
  to sell the war
• Introduced the singing of the national anthem
• Opposition to any deviant social behavior led to
  Prohibition, immigration restriction
• Anti-German attitudes - anti - foreigner
  attitudes
• Easy to create - hard to stop once the war was
  over

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The Spring Offensive
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Last German Offensive
Second Battle of the Marne
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So close to Paris, again
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Meuse Argonne Offensive
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Scenes Like This Were Commonplace
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and
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1918

• JanuaryWilsons Fourteen Points Speech
• MarchTreaty of Brest-Litovsk signed
• March-JuneGerman offensive Marne
• Sept-NovAllied offensive Meuse-Argonne
• Sept 30Bulgaria surrenders
• Oct 30Ottoman Empire surrenders
• Nov 3Austria-Hungary surrenders
• Nov 9Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
• Nov 111100 am Armistice Signed

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At the 11th Hour, on the 11th Day, of the 11th
Month...
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Waging Peace
Peace with Honor? or Peace with Vengeance?
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Background

• Wilsons Fourteen Points

• Purpose?
• Provisions?
• Open Diplomacy
• Self-Determination
• Eliminate Causes of War
• Association of Nations

• Germany Surrenders Because of It
• Would the Peace Be Based on It?

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Paris Peace Conference

• Who Was Invited?
• Who Was Not?
• Met for Six Months
• Argued, Compromised
• Who Were the Key
• Contributors?

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The Big Four
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L l o y d G e o r g e
C l e m e n c e a u
W i l s o n
O r l a n d o
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Treaty of Versailles(246 Pages)

• Germany - Full Responsibility
• Germany - Blank Check
• Germany - Lost Empire
• Germany - De-Militarize
• League of Nations Established
• Separate treaties for others
• Map Changes
• Get Out Homework Activity

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Versailles Map Changes
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• The Mandate
• System
• Who Got
• What?
• Impact?

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Germanys View of the Treaty
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What Were the Effects of WWI?
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Political

• Dynasties Ended
• New Nations Created
• Idea of Self-Determination
• League of Nations
• Power Vacuums
• Europes Status?

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Economic

• 400 Billion Cost
• Eco. Dislocations?
• Rise of Communism
• How to Rebuild?

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Social

• 60 Million Served
• 10 Million Died
• 20 Million Civilians Died
• Legacy of Hatred!

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A Look at the Casualties
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More in Depth
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In Monetary Terms
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The World Between the Wars
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Some Generalizations

• Both Sides Sought Allies
• Both Used High Tech Warfare
• Trench Warfare Common, but
• A Few Spectacular Battles
• Both Sides Convinced It
• Could Win!

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• Russians and Serbs vs.
• All 4 Central Powers
• Tsar Nicholas Directed the War
• Russia Hurting
• Loss of life
• Food shortages, famine
• Led to a Revolution in 1917
• Russia w/d from the War
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Impact?

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If the War Were to Be a Long One, Then, How
Would a Nation Get Its People to Support the War
Effort?
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Political Mobilization

• Centralize Authority
• Establish Bureaus
• Execute Laws
• Raise an Army

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Economic Mobilization

• Planned Economies
• Convert Factories
• Find Workers
• Raise Money
• Tax or Borrow?

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Social Mobilization

• Promote Nationalism
• Deal with Dissent
• Sell the War
• Propaganda Campaigns
• Examples follow

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The Battlefront
Everything Done on the Homefront Was Designed to
Win the War on the Battlefields