Pruning

1
Pruning

• presentation and activities prepared by Andrea
  Burke

2
Pruning What is it?

• What do YOU think?

3
What is Pruning?

• Pruning is the removal of
• A) flowers past their prime
• B) dead, broken, or diseased branches on a tree
• C) roots in a potted plant overgrowing their pot
• D) branches on a shrub that are crossing and
  chafing
• E) A, B, C, and D
• F) just B and D

4
What is Pruning?

• Pruning is the removal of
• A) flowers past their prime
• B) dead, broken, or diseased branches on a tree
• C) roots in a potted plant overgrowing their pot
• D) branches on a shrub that are crossing and
  chafing
• E) A, B, C, and D
• F) just B and D
• If you guessed E, Congratulations, youre smarter
  than a 5th grader!

5
What is Pruning?

• Selective removal or reduction of certain plant
  parts that are not required, are no longer
  effective, or are of no use to the plant in order
  to improve the health, value, or beauty of the
  plant.
• Although shoots and branches are the main targets
  for removal, roots, flower buds, fruits and seed
  pods may also be pruned.

6
Who Can Prune?

• Anyone you trust with scissors and sharp objects
  can prune trees and shrubs

• Even small children can help prune (AKA
  deadhead) gone-by flowers in the garden
• If you have ever mowed your lawn, you have
  already pruned the grass!

photo courtesy of Andrea Burke
7
Is Pruning Necessary?

• Some species require pruning no matter where they
  are for optimum flowering, growth, or fruiting.
• Choosing the proper plant for a location will
  minimize the amount of pruning needed.
• Always follow the Goldilocks Principle

Image from Purdue Cooperative Extension,
http//www.ces.purdue.edu/vanderburgh/horticulture
/weird/9ftclearance.htm
8
Pruning Why Bother?

• The Many Reasons Why we Prune

9
Why do we prune?

• Increase the value and beauty of landscape plants
• Influence fruiting and flowering

Image courtesy of Andrea Burke
10
Why do we prune?

• Restrict growth or size of the plant

Before
After
Images courtesy of Andrea Burke
11
Why do we prune?

• To train the plant to grow a certain way

Images courtesy of Matthew Trump and Dake,
commons.wikimedia.org
12
Why do we prune?

• Helps maintain plant health
• Can limit spread of disease
• Removes dead, diseased, or broken branches
• Pruning a dense canopy lets in more air and
  sunlight
• Pruning old trees or shrubs helps rejuvenate them
• Prevent personal injury or property damage

13
Tools of the Trade

• Scissors, Saws, and Power Tools

14
Tools of the Trade

• Hand pruning shears
• For stems up to ¾ inches in diameter
• Bypass pruners
• Scissor type blades that overlap
• More expensive, but make cleaner, closer cuts
• Anvil pruners
• Straight upper blades that cut against flat lower
  plates
• Usually cheaper, but tend to crush stems as they
  cut

Images from Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension
15
Tools of the Trade

• Lopping shears
• Have long handles to give you extra reach and
  better leverage
• High quality loppers can cut through about 2 or
  more inches, depending on the hardness of the
  wood (oak vs. ash) and condition (live or
  rotting)
• Ratchet joints and gears assist best in heavy
  duty jobs

Image from University of Minnesota Cooperative
Extension
16
Tools of the Trade

• Pruning saws
• Useful for cutting larger branches (over 1 inch
  diameter)
• Fine toothed, curved saws are good for branches
  up to 2 diameter
• Coarse toothed saws are better for branches 3 or
  more in diameter

Images from Texas AM Cooperative Extension
17
Tools of the Trade

• Hedge shears
• For shearing plants into hedges
• Can be manual or power
• Cut small, succulent stems best

Images from Texas AM Cooperative Extension
18
Tools of the Trade

• Pole pruners
• Cutter with one hooked blade above and a cutting
  blade beneath, like lopping shears
• Cutter is on a pole and operated by pulling a
  rope downward
• Cut out of reach branches up to 2 in diameter

Image from Texas AM Cooperative Extension
19
Tools of the Trade

• Chain saws
• Come in a variety of sizes and strengths
• May be gas or electric powered
• For removing branches greater than 3 diameter
• Best for removing trees and cutting firewood
• Always follow safety precautions when using a
  chainsaw. The limb you save may be your own.

20
Caring for your Tools

• Clean and oil tools regularly, including oiling
  blades and other metal surfaces
• When pruning diseased plants, disinfect shears
  and blades between cuts with a solution of one
  part bleach to nine parts water. Oil well at the
  end of the day to avoid rust.
• Store in a dry room
• Keep cutting edges sharp
• Paint, varnish, or treat wooden handles regularly
  with linseed oil
• Always use tools properly and follow
  manufacturers directions

21
How To Prune

• Making Cuts Correctly

22
Before You Cut Have A Pruning Plan

• Prune first for SAFETY, next for HEALTH, and
  finally for AESTHETICS
• Step 1 SAFETY Dead, broken, or problem limbs
• Step 2 HEALTH Disease or insect-infested wood
• Step 3 AESTHETICS Make the tree grow in the
  desired shape or fill in gaps

23
General Guidelines for Making Cuts

• All pruning cuts should be clean and smooth for
  best healing
• Make sure your tools are sharp!
• Do not leave stubs
• Avoid tearing bark
• Remember animals wounds heal, plant wounds seal
• Wound dressing is unnecessary
• Sometimes useful to prevent the spread of
  diseases (oak wilt and Dutch elm disease)

24
Making Cuts Properly

• Remove as much branch as possible without
  damaging the trunk or stem.
• Cut beginning just outside the branch bark ridge,
  angling down away from the stem of the tree,
  avoiding the branch collar

Image from USDA Forest Service
25
Making Cuts Properly

• Branches big enough to require a saw should be
  supported with one hand during cutting
• If the branch is too heavy to support, make a
  three-step cut to prevent ripping (see diagram)

Image from USDA Forest Service
26
Pruning Begins at Planting!

• Pruning a tree while it is young is preventative
  maintenance!
• At planting remove dead, diseased, or broken
  branches
• The first winter begin to train the tree

27
Pruning Begins at Planting!

• Pruning young shrubs is not as critical as young
  trees
• Good pruning practices encourage the best
  branching structure
• For bare root shrubs, thin branches for good
  spacing
• Prune broken, diseased, or crossing/circular
  roots
• Newly planted shrubs require little pruning if
  they were container-grown or dug with a soil ball

28
Pruning a Larger Tree

• Most pruning of large trees requires specialized
  equipment and should be left to qualified,
  insured professionals
• Consider the natural form of the tree whenever
  possible
• Three main ways to prune a large tree
• Crown thinning
• Crown raising
• Crown reduction least desirable

29
Crown Thinning

• Selectively remove branches throughout the crown,
  focusing on weak branches
• Develops or maintains a trees structure and form
• Promotes better form and health by increasing
  light penetration and air movement
• Never remove more than ¼ of the living crown

Image from USDA Forest Service
30
Crown Raising

• Remove lower branches to allow more clearance
  above lawns, sidewalks, streets, etc.
• On younger trees, maintain temporary branches to
  encourage taper and protect trees from vandals
  and sun scald

Image from USDA Forest Service
31
Crown Reduction

• Remove large branches at the top to reduce tree
  height
• Different from topping, because no stubs are left
• A last resort, as large pruning wounds may lead
  to decay
• Better long term solution is to plant a shorter
  tree

Image from USDA Forest Service
32
Pruning a Larger Tree Repairing Injury

• Remember Plant wounds dont heal, they seal
• Injury to bark
• Cut away damaged bark
• Shape the edge of the wound to an elongated
  ellipse if possible
• Remove splintered wood and smooth exposed area
  with a chisel

33
Pruning a Larger Tree Repairing Injury

• Cavities or hollows in the main trunk
• Create weep holes if water is not draining
• Keep the cavity clean of debris and leaves
• It is not necessary to fill the cavity with
  anything
• Storm damage or lightning strike
• Remove broken branches and reshape the tree as
  much as possible
• Remove branches shattered or damaged by lightning
• Split crotches or cracked limbs may be mended by
  professional arborists

34
Pruning Shrubs

• 3 main ways
• Thinning
• Gradual Renewal
• Rejuvenation

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Pruning Shrubs - Thinning

• The goal of thinning a shrub is to open the plant
  and allow in more sunlight and airflow
• Thinning does not stimulate excess new growth,
  but does open room for side branches to grow
• Cut off branch or twig to its point of origin on
  the parent branch, to a side branch, or at ground
  level
• Cut the oldest and tallest stems first (this
  allows for side branch development)

36
Pruning Shrubs Gradual Renewal

• Gradual renewal removes all top-growth over 3
  years, encouraging new stems to grow from the
  roots
• The first year, remove 1/3 of the oldest,
  thickest branches at or just above ground level
• The second year, remove 1/2 of the remaining old
  stems and tip back long shoots growing from the
  previous pruning cuts
• The third year, remove remaining old wood and tip
  back the new shoots

37
Pruning Shrubs - Rejuvenation

• Rejuvenation involves severely cutting all the
  branches of a shrub to a set height, usually
  6-12 above ground, before new growth begins in
  the spring
• Rejuvenate every 3-5 years, or when the shrub
  begins to look excessively leggy

38
Pruning Shrubs - Rejuvenation

• Some examples of plants that tolerate
  rejuvenation
• Rose of sharon, forsythia, privet, honeysuckle,
  elderberry, spiraea, potentilla, red-twig
  dogwood, lilac, and most Hydrangea
• Examples of plants that do NOT tolerate
  rejuvenation
• Boxwood, juniper, pine, cypress, cedar,
  arborvitae, yew, and other narrow leaf evergreens
• Shrubs with excessive amounts of dead branches
  (more than 1/3)

39
Pruning Shrubs
Image from Texas AM Cooperative Extension
40
Pruning Hedges

• Prune hedges often, approximately after every 6
  to 8 inches of growth, to within 2 inches of the
  last pruning
• Prune up to twice a year, in the spring and again
  in mid-summer
• Ideally, the hedge should be wider at the base
  than at the top, to allow equal access to
  sunlight and prevent legginess

Images from Texas AM Cooperative Extension
41
Pruning Hedges Can Be Fun!
Image Courtesy of Stephanie Weber
42
Pruning Roses

• Hybrid Teas, Floribundas, and Grandifloras
• To encourage large blooms suitable for cutting,
  cut back all but 3 to 5 of the healthiest, most
  vigorous canes in early spring just as buds begin
  to swell
• Prune these 3-5 canes to 15-18 from the ground
• Prune away weak, small, or short stems (anything
  thinner than a pencil should be cut)

Image Courtesy of Stephanie Weber
43
Pruning Roses

• Climbing roses, Old-fashioned rambling roses
• These bloom on last years growth, so do not
  prune until after flowering
• Remove oldest stems, leaving 5 7 strong canes
  untouched. Remember, the stems you leave will
  bear next years flowers.
• Old Garden Roses
• Hard pruning can ruin their graceful shape
• Remove no more than 1/3 of each bush
• Generally remove old stems that are no longer
  productive

44
Pruning Evergreens

• Most evergreens seldom require pruning
• Prune a little each year so that severe pruning
  is not needed
• Its better to buy a dwarf plant than do a lot of
  pruning on many evergreens
• When pruning narrow leaved evergreens, never cut
  into the bare wood beyond the foliage
• Many evergreens do not have buds on older twigs,
  and the shrub may never recover
• Only cut the central trunk if you are trying to
  eliminate a multiple leader (such as when the
  tree is young)

45
Pruning Evergreens

• Spruces, Firs, and Douglas Firs
• Have lateral buds that will grow if the terminal
  bud is removed
• Pines
• Removing terminal buds will take away growing
  points for that branch, leading to dead stubs
• To promote more dense growth you may remove up to
  2/3 of the new growth
• Do NOT prune past current years growth!
• Arborvitae, Junipers, Yews, and Hemlocks
• Tolerate heavy shearing
• Natural form is usually the most attractive

46
Activity

• What to Cut

47
This Young Tree Needs Some Help

• There are six cuts that need to be made on this
  tree.
• Determine which branches should be cut, and why!

Image adapted from University of Minnesota
Cooperative Extension
48
This Young Tree Needs Some Help
Image from University of Minnesota Cooperative
Extension
49
When to Prune

• Yes, It Matters!!

50
When to Prune Rules of Thumb

• Pruning at the wrong time of the year usually
  doesnt kill your plant, but can damage it
• Continually pruning your plant at the wrong time
  CAN cause permanent damage and/or death to the
  plant
• In general, the best time to prune is in late
  winter to early spring, before the seasons
  growth begins
• Generally, the worst time to prune is immediately
  after new growth begins in the spring
• The second worst time to prune is in late summer
• Dead branches can be pruned at any time

51
General Guidelines for Timing

• Prune before breakfast, not before bed
• Generally prune in the spring, not fall
• Hair cuts after the prom, not before
• Prune spring plants right after bloom, not before
• Diet before Vacation, not after
• Prune summer plants before they bloom, not after
• When you move, it is a good time to clear out the
  junk
• Root prune and top prune plants if they need it
  when you transplant them

52
Spring Flowering Shrubs
Image courtesy of Stephanie Weber
53
Spring Flowering Shrubs

• Bloom in the spring on previous seasons growth
• Examples include lilac, forsythia, and
  rhododendron
• Pruning time will vary based on condition of the
  plant
• Shrubs only requiring light pruning
• Prune immediately after bloom
• Old, neglected, severely overgrown shrubs
• May require extensive pruning
• Rejuvenate by pruning in late winter or early
  spring (March to early April)
• This will reduce or eliminate this and possibly
  next years flower display, but greatly increase
  the long-term health of the shrub

54
Summer Flowering Shrubs

• Bloom in the summer on current years growth

• Examples include potentilla, Rose of Sharon,
  hydrangea, and spirea
• Prune in late winter or early spring
• This will allow for bloom in the coming summer

Image courtesy of Stephanie Weber
55
Other Deciduous Shrubs

• Many deciduous shrubs dont produce showy
  flowers, but may have striking bark, fruit, or
  fall leaf color
• Prune these in late winter or early spring before
  growth begins
• Do NOT prune these in late summer or early fall
  (any time after mid-July)

56
Roses

• Repeat blooming roses (floribunda, hybrid teas)
• Prune heavily in the spring, just as the buds
  begin to break dormancy (begin to swell)

• Roses that bloom once a year (old-fashioned roses
  and climbers)
• Prune immediately after flowering
• Do NOT prune heavily in early spring, since they
  bloom on wood from the previous years growth

57
Evergreen Shrubs

• Examples of evergreen shrubs include juniper,
  yew, and arborvitae
• Prune in late March to mid-April before new
  growth begins
• Some light pruning may be done in late June or
  early July

Image courtesy of Chris Evans, River to River
CWMA, Bugwood.org
58
Deciduous Trees

• Examples of deciduous trees include oak, maple,
  and birch
• Deciduous trees may be pruned anytime during the
  year
• The BEST time to prune is late winter to early
  spring, before the leaves are out on the trees

• Some trees with high sap pressure (such as maple)
  will bleed heavily when pruned at this time,
  but this is not harmful to the tree

Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
59
Deciduous Trees

• Avoid pruning oaks from April 15 to July 1
  because of the risk of oak wilt fungus.
• Oaks can be safely pruned in February and March.

Image courtesy of Chris Evans, River to River
CWMA, Bugwood.org
60
Fruit Trees

• Prune from late February to early April
• Spring and summer pruning increases infection and
  the spread of fireblight
• Plants susceptible to fireblight, such as apple
  and pear, should ONLY be pruned during the
  dormant season

• Fruit trees pruned in the fall may be more prone
  to winter injury

Image courtesy of Joseph LaForest, University of
Georgia, Bugwood.org
61
Grape Vines and Raspberries

• Prune grape vines in March or early April
• A hard frost in late winter can damage the canes
  and buds if vines are pruned too early
• Vines will bleed heavily when pruned at this
  time, but the bleeding will not harm the vine
• Prune raspberries in March or early April
• Summer bearing raspberries should also be pruned
  in the summer. Remove old fruiting canes after
  the crop has been harvested.

62
Annual Pruning At a Glance

• Late winter (before the leaves are out)
• Deciduous trees (never prune oaks April 1 July
  1)
• Fruit trees (late Feb to early April)
• Late winter/early Spring (March to early April)
• Summer-flowering shrubs
• Hard pruning of severely overgrown
  spring-flowering shrubs
• Other deciduous (non-blooming) shrubs
• Grape vines and raspberries
• Evergreen shrubs
• Late spring (May and June)
• Spring-flowering shrubs (when theyre done with
  their bloom)

63
Exceptions to the Rules

• Prune at any time to correct damage to limbs,
  vandalism, or hazards created by weather or other
  causes
• Formal hedges and specialty pruning like espalier
  and bonsai require more frequent maintenance than
  informal hedges, or plants maintained in their
  natural form
• Exact timing of pruning will vary across climate
  zones. Follow cues from the plant to determine
  ideal time of pruning.

64
Activity

• When Should I Prune My.

65
When Should I Prune My ?

• You have recently started answering phones for
  your local countys Extension helpline. Everyone
  in the county seems pruning happy today youve
  already gotten six calls from people wanting to
  know if now is a good time to prune various
  plants in their yard. Luckily, youve just gone
  over your pruning notes, so you think youll be
  able to field these calls!
• Break out into small groups and discuss when you
  would tell the homeowner to prune their precious
  plants.

66
When Should I Prune My ?

• Mr. Henry Printer calls in, worried that a recent
  thunder storm in the area broke several huge
  limbs off of a mighty river oak on his property.
  Some of the limbs are still attached to the tree,
  but weakly, while others have completely
  detached, leaving big, gaping wounds. It is now
  late May. What should he do?

67
When Should I Prune My ?

• Mr. Joseph Dokes wants to know if he should prune
  his broom now (its early June), or wait until
  later in the season.

• Broom blooms in the spring the last of this
  years blossoms has just fallen off the plant.
• Mr. Dokes says his plants need a lot of work!

Image courtesy of Stephanie Weber
68
When Should I Prune My ?

• Johnny Brook wants to help his Grandma fix up her
  garden. He noticed that she has a lot of
  evergreens like yew, arborvitae, and rhododendron
  that are overgrowing the front windows of her
  house. He wants to know when to prune these
  plants to maximize their beauty.

69
When Should I Prune My ?

• Mrs. Jorkins wants to know when she should prune
  her hydrangea. Its mid October and the flowers
  still look lovely on it, but she thinks the plant
  is starting to look a little leggy.
• She says she does not know the cultivar, but her
  ex-gardener used to cut it back to the ground
  sometimes with good results.

Image courtesy of Stephanie Weber
70
When Should I Prune My ?

• Rigoberto Menchu recently bought some new
  bare-root rose plants for his wife. She loves
  the flowers, but isnt much of a gardener. He
  wants to know what maintenance will keep his
  wifes roses looking spectacular all year round.

71
When Should I Prune My ?

• Miss Informed just moved into the area, and finds
  to her dismay that the lovely low-maintenance
  peach and apple orchard advertised in the real
  estate agents ad is actually severely overgrown
  and in bad need of maintenance. She wants to
  get it back under control. When should she start?

72
Love Hurts

• What NOT To Do

73
Topping and Tipping

• Topping is the pruning of large upright branches
  between nodes, sometimes done to reduce the
  height of the tree
• Tipping is cutting lateral branches between nodes
  to reduce crown width

• Consequences
• Death of the cut branch back to the next lateral
  branch below
• Epicormic sprouts, which are only weakly attached
  to the steam and eventually will be supported
  only by a decaying branch.

Images from USDA Forest Service
74
Topping, AKA Tree Abuse
Images courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
75
Improper Cuts

• Improper pruning cuts cause unnecessary injury
  and bark ripping (AKA, the Nearly Headless Nick
  cut)
• Flush cuts injure stem tissues and can result in
  decay
• Stub cuts delay wound closure and can allow
  pathogens to enter the plant

Images from USDA Forest Service
76
How to Tell

• The quality of a cut is evident after one growing
  season
• A concentric ring of wound wood will form around
  a proper pruning cut
• Flush cuts (cutting too close) will show excess
  wound wood on the sides with very little on the
  top or bottom
• Stub cuts (cutting too far) result in dead branch
  tissue. Wound wood forms from stem/trunk tissue,
  so wound closing is delayed.

77
Bark Ripping
Images courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
78
Flush Cutting
Images courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
79
Stubs

• The longer the stub, the more food youve set out
  for wood-decaying fungi
• If you can hang your hat on it, its too long!

Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia,
Bugwood.org
Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
80
Pruning Safety Use Common Sense!
Images courtesy of Purdue Cooperative Extension,
http//www.ces.purdue.edu/ces/vanderburgh/horticul
ture/weird/pruning.htm
81
Pruning Safety Use Common Sense!
Images courtesy of Purdue Cooperative Extension,
http//www.ces.purdue.edu/ces/vanderburgh/horticul
ture/weird/pruning.htm
82
Activity

• Proper Pruning or Hack Job?

83
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?

• Break up into groups and look at your handouts
  showing pictures of various pruning cuts.
• Was the tree in your picture properly pruned or
  not?
• If not, what was done wrong?

84
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
85
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
86
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
87
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Fred Baker, Utah State
University, Bugwood.org
88
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
89
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
90
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
91
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
92
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
93
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
94
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of A. Steven Munson, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
95
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph LaForest, University of
Georgia, Bugwood.org
96
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
97
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
98
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest
Service, Bugwood.org
99
Proper Pruning or Hack Job?
Image courtesy of USDA Forest Service -
Northeastern Area Archive, USDA Forest Service,
Bugwood.org
100
Pruning

• Resources

101
Resources The Internet

• You can find a wealth of information by searching
  Google.com
• Only trust reputable sites
• Universities and Cooperative Extension offices
  are best
• USDA and other government sites
• Take what you read on store and company websites
  with a grain of salt
• Remember, just because theyre selling something
  doesnt mean you need it

102
Some Useful Web Pages

• Colorado State University Extension Pruning
  Flowering Shrubs
• http//cmg.colostate.edu/gardennotes/619.pdf
• North Carolina State University Extension
  Pruning Shrubs
• http//www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsh
  eets/shrubs/text/pruning.html
• Pennsylvania State University Pruning
  Ornamental Plants
• http//pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS95.pdf
• Texas AM Extension Follow Proper Pruning
  Techniques
• http//aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/pruni
  ng/pruning.html
• University of Minnesota Extension Pruning
  Trees and Shrubs
• http//www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticul
  ture/DG0628.html
• USDA Forestry Service How to Prune Trees
• http//www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/
  prun001.htm
• Virginia Cooperative Extension A Guide to
  Successful Pruning Pruning Basics and Tools
• http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/nursery/430-455/430-455
  .html
• There are others!!!

103
Other Resources

• Extension Agents, Professors, Other Specialists
• Libraries and Bookstores

104
Any Questions?