Approximately how many radioactive atoms are present in a tritium sample with an activity of 0.4 x 10-6 Ci and a half-life of 12.3 years? (1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)

1
Approximately how many radioactive atoms are
present in a tritium sample with an activity of
0.4 x 10-6 Ci and a half-life of 12.3 years? (1
Ci 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)

1. 13 x 107
2. 7 x 108
3. 3 x 1010
4. 8 x 1012

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2
What is the binding energy per nucleon of Au-197
(atomic number 79)? (The following information
regarding atomic masses will be needed Au-197,
196.966560 hydrogen, 1.007825 neutron,
1.008665 also 1 u x c2 931.5 MeV)

1. 7.3 MeV
2. 7.7 MeV
3. 7.9 MeV
4. 8.3 MeV

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3
Approximately how many half-life periods must
elapse if the activity of a radioactive isotope
sample is to be reduced to 0.004 of the original
value?

1. 3
2. 6
3. 8
4. 60

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4
Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. What
proportion of its original radioactivity will a
sample have after 9 years?

1. 0.55
2. 0.60
3. 0.73
4. 0.84

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5
The activity of a newly discovered radioactive
isotope reduces to 96 of its original value in
an interval of 2 hours. What is its half-life?

1. 10.2 hrs
2. 34.0 hrs
3. 44.0 hrs
4. 68.6 hrs

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6
If there are 128 neutrons in Pb-210, how many
neutrons are found in the nucleus of Pb-206?

1. 122
2. 124
3. 126
4. 130

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7
The existence of the neutrino was postulated to
account for which basic conservation laws during
the beta decay process?

1. conservation of energy
2. conservation of momentum
3. both of the choices are valid
4. none of the choices are valid

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8
A radioactive isotope which emits a gamma quantum
will change in what respect?

1. atomic number increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by one
3. atomic mass number decreases by one
4. none of the choices are valid

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9
A radioactive isotope which emits an alpha
particle will change in what respect?

1. atomic number decreases by four
2. mass number decreases by four
3. both atomic number and mass number decrease by
   four
4. none of the choices are valid

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10
Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. How many
years will elapse when the radioactivity of a
tritium sample diminishes to 10 of its original
value?

1. 31 years
2. 41 years
3. 84 years
4. 123 years

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11
A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2.0 x 1014 atoms
of the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 1.6
x 103 years, what is the decay rate of this
sample? (1 Ci 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)

1. 2.7 x 10-12 Ci
2. 3.4 x 10-10 Ci
3. 7.5 x 10-8 Ci
4. 9.6 x 10-6 Ci

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12
What energy must be added or given off in a
reaction where one hydrogen atom and two neutrons
are combined to form a tritium atom? (atomic
masses for each hydrogen, 1.007825 neutron,
1.009665 tritium, 3.016049 also, 1 u x c2
931.5 MeV)

1. 8.5 MeV added
2. 8.5 MeV given off
3. 10.3 MeV given off
4. 10.3 MeV added

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13
An ancient building was known to have been built
3000 years ago. Approximately what proportion of
C-14 atoms are yet in the building's wooden
framing compared to the number which were present
at the time of its construction? (half life of
C-14 5800 years)

1. 0.425
2. 0.500
3. 0.517
4. 0.698

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14
The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8 x
10-15 m. Which of the following is the mass
number of an isotope for which the nuclear radius
is 7.2 x 10-15 m?

1. 144
2. 96
3. 125
4. 216

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15
A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2 x 1014 atoms
of the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 1.6
x 103 years, what is the decay rate of this
sample?

1. 6.7 x 109 decays/yr
2. 8.7 x 1010 decays/yr
3. 9.4 x 1010 decays/yr
4. 12.6 x 10-10 decays/yr

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16
The beta emission process results in the daughter
nucleus differing in what manner from the parent?

1. atomic mass increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by two
3. atomic number increases by one
4. atomic mass decreases by two

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17
The gamma radiation first detected by Becquerel
was in fact which of the following?

1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons

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18
The alpha emission process results in the
daughter nucleus differing in what manner from
the parent?

1. atomic mass increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by two
3. atomic number increases by one
4. atomic mass decreases by two

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19
If the sum total mass of reactants in a nuclear
reaction is greater than that of product
particles, then which of the following statements
best describes the conditions of the reaction?

1. reaction is exothermic
2. reaction is endothermic
3. atomic number of each reactant must be greater
   than 40
4. atomic number of each reactant must be less than
   80

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20
The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8 x
10-15 m. Approximately what is the nuclear radius
of an isotope of Al-27?

1. 2.0 x 10-15 m
2. 2.7 x 10-15 m
3. 3.6 x 10-15 m
4. 4.0 x 10-15 m

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21
The ratio of the numbers of neutrons to protons
in the nucleus of naturally occurring isotopes
tends to vary with atomic number in what manner?

1. increases with greater atomic number
2. decreases with greater atomic number
3. is maximum for atomic number 60
4. remains constant for entire range of atomic
   numbers

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22
The atomic mass number of a nucleus is equivalent
to which of the following numbers?

1. neutrons present
2. protons present
3. difference in neutron and proton numbers
4. sum of neutron and proton numbers

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23
Of the main types of radiation emitted from
naturally radioactive isotopes, which of the
following is the most penetrating?

1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma
4. positron

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24
Samples of two different isotopes, X and Y, both
contain the same number of radioactive atoms.
Sample X has a half life twice that of Y. How do
their rates of radiation compare?

1. X has a greater rate than Y
2. X has a smaller rate than Y
3. rates of X and Y are equal
4. rate depends on atomic number, not half life

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25
The beta radiation first detected by Becquerel
was in fact which of the following?

1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons

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26
The alpha radiation first detected by Becquerel
was in fact which of the following?

1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons

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27
The atomic number of a given element is
equivalent to which of the following?

1. proton number in the nucleus
2. neutron number in the nucleus
3. sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
4. number of electrons in the outer shells

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28
Chromium-55 (54.9279 u) emits an electron (0.0005
u) leaving a daughter nucleus of manganese-55
(54.9244 u). How much energy is released in this
reaction? (1 u x c2 931 MeV)

1. 5.59 MeV
2. 2.79 MeV
3. 1.40 MeV
4. 0.70 MeV

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29
An endothermic nuclear reaction occurs as a
result of the collision of two reactant nuclei.
If the Q value of this reaction is -2.17 MeV,
which of the following describes the minimum
kinetic energy needed in the reactant nuclei if
the reaction is to occur?

1. equal to 2.17 MeV
2. greater than 2.17 MeV
3. less than 2.17 MeV
4. exactly half of 2.17 MeV

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30
If a fossil bone is found to contain 1/8th as
much Carbon-14 as the bone of a living animal,
what is the approximate age of the fossil?
(half-life of C-14 5800 years)

1. 8,000 years
2. 17,400 years
3. 23,000 years
4. 46,400 years

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31
Rutherford's experiments involving the use of
alpha particle beams directed onto thin metal
foils demonstrated the existence of which of the
following?

1. neutron
2. proton
3. nucleus
4. positron

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32
The components of natural radiation, in order of
least to most penetrating, are which of the
following choices?

1. alpha, beta and gamma
2. gamma, beta and alpha
3. beta, gamma and alpha
4. alpha, gamma and beta

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33
A radioactive material initially is observed to
have an activity of 800 counts/sec. If four hours
later it is observed to have an activity of 200
counts/sec, what is its half life?

1. 1 hour
2. 2 hours
3. 4 hours
4. 8 hours

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34
The experiment which gave the first evidence for
the existence of the atomic nucleus involved
which of the following?

1. X-ray scattering
2. radioactive dating
3. cosmic ray detection
4. alpha scattering

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35
The nucleus of an atom is made up of which of the
following?

1. electrons and protons
2. electrons and neutrons
3. protons, electrons and neutrons
4. protons and neutrons

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36
Radium-226 decays to Radon-222 by emitting which
of the following?

1. beta
2. alpha
3. gamma
4. positron

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37
When bismuth-214 emits a beta particle, the
remaining daughter nucleus is which of the
following?

1. lead-213
2. actinium-215
3. polonium-214
4. bismuth-215

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38
Certain stars at the end of their lives are
thought to collapse combining their protons and
electrons together to form a neutron star. Such a
star could be thought of as a giant atomic
nucleus. If a star of mass equal to that of the
sun (M 2 x 1030 kg) collapsed into neutrons (mn
1.67 x 10-27 kg), what would be the radius of
such a star? (HINT r r0A1/3)

1. 25.4 km
2. 18.7 km
3. 12.7 km
4. 6.4 km

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39
Calculate the binding energy of the tritium
nucleus, given that the mass of the tritium
nucleus is 3.01605 u. (mp 1.007276 u, mn
1.008665, and 1 u 931.5 MeV/c2)

1. 2.24 MeV/nucleon
2. 2.45 MeV/nucleon
3. 2.66 MeV/nucleon
4. 2.86 MeV/nucleon

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40
The half-life of radioactive iodine-131 is 8
days. Find the number of 131I nuclei necessary to
produce a sample of activity 1.0µ Ci. (1 Curie
3.7 x 1010 decays/second)

1. 4.6 x 109
2. 3.7 x 1010
3. 7.6 x 1012
4. 8.1 x 1013

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41
How much kinetic energy must an alpha particle
(charge 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 C) have to approach to
within 10-14 m of a gold nucleus (charge 79 x
1.6 x 10-19 C)? k 9 x 109 N-m2 /C2 and 1 MeV
1.6 x 10-13 J

1. 11.70 MeV
2. 14.55 MeV
3. 18.15 MeV
4. 22.75 MeV

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42
Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.33
years decaying into with low-energy
electron emission. If we have a sample of 3 x
1018 tritium atoms, what is its activity in
decays/second? (1 year 3.15 x 107 s)

1. 4.20 x 1010/second
2. 5.35 x 109/second
3. 3.69 x 108/second
4. 6.64 x 107/second

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43
An alpha particle (mass 6.68 x 10-27 kg) is
emitted from a radioactive nucleus with an energy
of 5 MeV. How fast is the a-particle moving in
m/s? (1 MeV 1.6 x 10-13 J)

1. 2.40 x 107 m/s
2. 1.55 x 107 m/s
3. 3.70 x 106 m/s
4. 1.85 x 106 m/s

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44
A 1-gram sample of petrified wood is taken from a
petrified forest. If the Carbon-14 activity of
the sample is 12.5 that of present-day organic
material, what is the age of the petrified wood?
(T1/2 for C-14 is 5,730 years)

1. 4,460 years
2. 8,600 years
3. 13,150 years
4. 17,200 years

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45
In the beta decay of 14C, the existence of the
anti-neutrino was required to maintain?

1. energy conservation.
2. charge conservation.
3. conservation of the number of nucleons.
4. all of the choices

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46
The fact that the binding energy per nucleon
doesn't depend very strongly on the volume of the
nucleus indicates that?

1. the strong nuclear force saturates.
2. nucleons don't move throughout the nucleus.
3. all nuclei have the same volume.
4. the radius of a nucleus is directly proportional
   to the number of nucleons.

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47
According to the shell model of the nucleus,
radioactive decay which produces beta rays occurs
because?

1. there is a vacant energy level for a neutron and
   as a neutron drops down to this lower energy
   level it gives up its energy to an electron.
2. there is no vacancy in a neutron energy level so
   the neutron goes to an energy level previously
   occupied by an electron.
3. the neutron must change to a proton before it can
   go to a lower energy level.
4. the neutron gets rid of excess angular momentum
   by giving it to ejected electron.

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48
Some nuclei are not spherical and this can best
be explained by the?

1. liquid drop model.
2. shell model.
3. collective model.
4. model of nuclear tunneling.

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49
If the stable nuclei are plotted with neutron
number vs. proton number, the curve formed by the
stable nuclei does not follow the line N Z.
This is predicted by examining how the binding
energy is influenced by?

1. the volume of the nucleus.
2. the size of the nuclear surface.
3. the Coulomb repulsion.
4. the proton-neutron mass difference.

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50
The binding energy of a nucleus is equal to?

1. the energy needed to remove one of the nucleons.
2. the average energy with which any nucleon is
   bound in the nucleus.
3. the energy needed to separate all the nucleons
   from each other.
4. the mass of the nucleus times c2.

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51
The gram molecular mass for chlorine is not a
multiple of the mass of hydrogen but is about
35.5 times the mass of hydrogen. This is
primarily because?

1. the proton and neutron have different masses.
2. there are several isotopes of chlorine.
3. of the binding energy of the chlorine nucleus.
4. the chlorine nucleus has 35.5 nucleons.

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52
The mass of 238U is not quite an integer multiple
of -H. This is primarily because?

1. the proton and neutron have different masses.
2. there are several isotopes of uranium.
3. of the binding energy of uranium.
4. uranium is radioactive.

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53
The neutron is radioactive and can beta decay to
form a proton. This can occur primarily because?

1. the proton has less mass than a neutron.
2. there are several hydrogen isotopes.
3. of the binding energy of hydrogen.
4. the neutron is neutral.

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54
For every stable nucleus except hydrogen, if the
number of nucleons is doubled, the quantity that
will change least is the?

1. mass.
2. charge.
3. volume.
4. density.

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55
What particle is emitted when P-32 decays to
S-32? (atomic numbers of P and S are,
respectively, 15 and 16)

1. alpha
2. beta
3. positron
4. gamma quantum

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56
What particle is emitted when Pu-240 decays to
U-236? (atomic numbers of Pu and U are,
respectively, 94 and 92)

1. alpha
2. beta
3. positron
4. gamma quantum

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57
The original nucleus and the final nucleus will
be isotopes for which decay scheme of the
original nucleus?

1. alpha decay followed by two beta decays
2. two gamma decays
3. a beta decay followed by an alpha decay
4. a beta decay followed by neutron emission

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58
The mass of 12C is 12 u where 1 u 1.660559 x
10-27 kg. This mass is equal to?

1. the mass of the 12C nucleus.
2. the mass of the 12C nucleus plus 6 electrons.
3. the mass of the 12C nucleus plus 12 electrons.
4. the mass of 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

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59
A proton is captured by an oxygen-16 atom which
in turn emits a deuteron. What is the element and
mass number of the product isotope?

1. nitrogen-15
2. oxygen-17
3. oxygen-15
4. fluorine-15

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