Developments in Production and management practices, product standards, safety and quality

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"Developments in Production and management
practices, product standards, safety and quality"

• Emilio A. M. Suntay III
• Managing Director
• Suntay Aquaculture Pty. Ltd. Australia
• F.A.R.M. Inc. Phils.
• (Founding Member Global Aquaculture Alliance)
• Director - Aquaculture Certification Council

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Evolution of the Global Aquaculture Alliance

• George Chamberlain
• President
• Global Aquaculture Alliance

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Topics to be Discussed

• Emergence of Issues
• NGO movement
• Role of GAA
• Gathering the Facts
• Setting Standards
• Establishing a Certification Entity ACC
• Organizing the annual Global Shrimp Outlook

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Emergence of Issues

• The NGO movement
• Important contribution by alerting public to
  hazards
• Proliferation of groups competing for funding
• Tendency to reduce facts to soundbites.
• Building Pressure in 1996
• Indian Supreme Court Ruling
• NGOs hosted second Shrimp Tribunal at UN
• Threatened consumer boycots
• Calls for moratorium on permits and financing

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Industry Response

• Concerns
• Consumers need to know more about the products
  they buy and the impacts of their purchases.
• Only one side of the story was being told.
• Birth of GAA
• Conceptual Meeting in February, 97
• Non-profit trade association formed
• Membership by individuals, companies, and
  associations
• Dedicated to responsible aquaculture

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The Mangrove Issue
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Facts About Mangroves

• GAA Study by Mangrove Experts in 1997
• ALL shrimp farming area (1,372,800 ha in 1996)
  amounts to only 7.6 of current mangrove area,
  and lt 5 of the historic resource.
• GAA Initiated Responsible Aquaculture Program
• Recommendations adopted as GAA Codes of Practice
  for Responsible Shrimp Farming
• Conservation Practices Are Working
• Use of mangrove area for new shrimp farms has
  essentially stopped.
• Satellite imagery shows that forested mangrove
  area is increasing in Honduras and Ecuador.

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Aquaculture is a contributing factor to the
collapse of world fisheries. (Science and Nature)
The Fishmeal Issue
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Facts about Fishmeal

• 16 of fishery stocks are overfished and 6 are
  depleted, but these are high value bottom fish.
• Fishmeal production is stable at 6.5 million
  mt/year
• Aquaculture is displacing use for pigs, chickens,
  cattle.
• As Aquaculture grows, its share of fishmeal use
  is expected to increase from 35 to 60.
• Fishmeal substitutes are being developed.

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The Effluent Issue
Chemical and biological pollution from disposal
of pond effluents and sludge causing habitat
degradation (Science)
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Facts about Effluents
Variable Median Min. Max.
Total nitrogen (mg/L) 2.04 0.02 2,600
Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L) 0.05 0.0 0.91
Nitrate-nitrogen (mg/L) 0.30 0.001 7.00
Total ammonia N (mg/L) 0.38 0.01 7.87
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.26 0.01 110
Soluble reactive P(mg/L) 0.09 0.0 11.2
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 5.6 0.4 9.6
pH (standard units) 8.2 6.3 9.2
5-day BOD (mg/L) 8.9 1.3 50.7
Total suspended solids (mg/L) 108 10 3,671
Volatile suspended solids (mg/L) 43 8 713
Chlorophyll a (?g/L) 67 1 694
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Quantitative Effluent Standards
Variable Initial Standard Target Standard
pH (standard units) 6.0-9.5 6.0-9.0
Total suspended solids (mg/L) 100 or less 50 or less
Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.5 or less 0.3 or less
Total ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 5 or less 3 or less
5-d BOD (mg/L) 50 or less 30 or less
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 4 or more 5 or more
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Sedimentation ponds and constructed wetlands to
treat effluent for reuse or release
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Salmonella Issue
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Salmonella Contamination

• Emergence of Issue
• Food poisoning incident aboard cruise ship
• Proper cooking would have destroyed Salmonella
• FDA Policy
• Zero tolerance of Salmonella in shrimp
• Rationale is not to rely completely on proper
  cooking
• Increased surveillance of imports

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GAA Collaboration with FDA

• Salmonella Field Trials
• GAA supports FDA in conducting field trials at
  shrimp farms to determine sources and causes of
  Salmonella contamination
• Good Aquaculture Practices (GAPs)
• FDA is developing GAPs to prevent Salmonella
  contamination of ponds
• Incentive for compliance will be preferential
  clearance through import inspection
• GAA is adopting FDA GAPs as part of our Codes of
  Practice
• Certification and Traceability are needed to
  assure compliance and identity preservation

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Antibiotic Residues
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What is Chloramphenicol?

• Description
• Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic
  used for human medicine
• Originally isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae
• Now produced synthetically
• Clinical
• Antibiotic of choice for treating typhoid fever,
  other Salmonella infections, brain abscesses,
  etc.
• Bacterial resistance develops quickly
• Toxicity
• Potentially lethal side effects such as aplastic
  anemia and leukemia

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How is Chloramphenicol Regulated?

• Regulations
• Banned for use in food production in most
  countries
• EC Any detectable level of chloramphenicol in
  food-products is a violation of European law
• US Zero tolerance is interpreted as a residue in
  excess of a defined limit.
• European Commission
• Banned imports of Chinese products of animal
  origin including shrimps and prawns
• EU found serious deficiencies of the Chinese
  residue control system.

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GAA Responsible Aquaculture Program

• The Evolution
• Gathering Facts
• Codes of Practice
• Quantitative standards
• External Review of Standards
• 2 year process
• Industry, Regulators, Academia, NGOs
• Next Step
• Independent Body Needed to Conduct Certifications
• Shrimp farms
• Processing plants
• Feedmills
• Hatcheries
• Analytical labs

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Aquaculture CertificationCouncil

• Limited Liability Company
• Independent Board and Committees
• Mission
• Third party certification of aquaculture
  facilities
• Activities
• Train and accredit certifiers
• Revise standards as needed
• Establish and maintain traceability database
• Governance
• President Mr. William More
• Board of Directors
• Oversight Committee
• Website
• www.aquaculturecertification.org

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Industry Support

• Buyers
• Confirmed Darden Restaurants, Fishery Products
  International, Whole Foods
• Interested Eastern Fish Company, Empress
  International, Lyons Seafood (UK), and many more
• Processors
• 30 expected first year
• Farms
• 80 expected first year
• Hatcheries
• To be introduced in 2004
• Feed Mills
• To be introduced in 2004

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Annual Market Meetings

• Global Shrimp Outlook
• Annually
• Reduce price volatility
• Minimize surpluses and shortages
• Accurate market information intelligence
• Objectives
• Estimate supply from leading shrimp-producing
  countries
• Estimate demand from leading markets
• Model the effect of supply and demand on
  projected prices
• Evaluate obstacles to shrimp farming and
  undertake solutions

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Market Environment and Implications to Asia and
the Philippines

• Stricter Standards Imposed by Markets
• Food safety, Traceability
• Environmental Responsibility
• Mangrove no clearings
• Effluent Discharge - minimize and later close
• Open (flow-through) to Closed (Recirculating)
• Social Responsibility - Sustainability
• Greater Competition
• Lower margins from more efficient production
• Higher production from more intensive and
  sustainable technologies

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Production Issues and New Technologies

• Rise in production declining prices
• Producers must stay competitive continually
  reduce costs
• Minimize economic loses from disease outbreaks
  biosecurity and sanitation
• Efficient and Environmentally sustainable systems
  - larger, consistent yields, faster uniform
  growth
• Modern animal husbandry
• Stricter control of sanitation
• Sophisticated disease diagnosis
• Selective breeding
• Water reuse
• Efficient feeds
• Improved control of wastes

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Continuing Developments

• Health and Disease Management
• Improved diagnostic screening for infected
  animals
• Improved knowledge of viral life cycles
• Established control points such as filtration of
  carriers from incoming water
• Sanitation to eliminate inadvertent transfer of
  disease
• Breeding
• Selective breeding is the most effective
  long-term means to reduce production costs
• Avoiding infected wild stocks
• Rapid growth
• Disease resistance
• New Pond Systems
• High yields with Little or No water-exchange
• Relies on aeration
• Water circulation
• Aerobic bacteria
• Highly Bio-secure
• Environment-Friendly

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Minimal-discharge or Zero Water-Exchange Systems
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Future Trends

• Technological Developments
• Inland development
• Use of otherwise unproductive (un-arable, barren)
  land
• Greater mechanization
• Greater recycling of water
• Lower cost of postlarvae and feeds
• Consolidation of Industry

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What is required?

• Production Paradigm shift
• Phytoplankton dominated Bacterial dominated
• Manage and Feed the ecosystem, not only the
  animal
• Good husbandry no substitute
• Keep faith in P. Monodon, and indigenous species
• Be patient as an industry
• Work with government and other agencies to
  develop species

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GAA Call for Responsible Aquaculture through
Unity Higher Standards

• Codes of Practice FAO, GAA, and others
• GAA adopted by the Philippines
• Australia and Thailand has similar
• Unity among industry, academic sector and govt
• Stakeholders from hatchery to processing
• Further and continually improve standards
• Collaborate on common concerns
• Research on Diseases, Breeding and Genetics,
  Production development
• Keep Philippine Aquaculture Congress and
  Exhibition going for years to come
• Join the GAA as an umbrella organization

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Conclusions

• The GAA Responsible Aquaculture Program
• Used facts to correct misinformation
• Mangroves, Fishmeal, Effluents
• Codes of Practice, Quantitative Standards
• Incorporated Food Safety Standards
• Salmonella contamination, Antibiotic residues
• Includes FDA standards for Good Aquaculture
  Practices
• Aquaculture Certification Council
• Independent body to conduct third party
  certification
• Process certification, Oriented to buyers
• Global Shrimp Outlook
• Forum for suppliers and buyers
• Advocate Magazine
• Latest developments in production