Enlightenment

1
Enlightenment
Benjamin Franklin exemplified the Enlightenment
in both America and Europe.

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• Enlightenment-Philosophical movement based in
  Europe that spreads to America The Age of
  Reason.
• Colonists begin asking, Why things occur.
• Solar systems were observed, as well as plants
  and animals of the New World.
• The five senses were used for explanations rather
  than myths.
• New image of God is created. Seen as a craftsman
  whose glory was in His craftsmanship.

3

• Franklin was a key figure in the Enlightenment.
• Born in Boston (1706-90)
• Made fortune in Philadelphia with his newspaper
• Known for The Farmers Almanac
• Worked to achieve freedom of trade.
• Observed ocean currents, theory of heat
• Great inventor--stove, clock, musical instrument
• Contributed to knowledge of electricity with
  providing information of positive and negative
  charges.

4
Other Key Enlightenment Figures

• John Locke-proponent of the
  natural rights of man.
  Protection of life, liberty,
  and property.
• Sir Isaac Newton-Natural laws of motion. His
  successes led others to believe that reason was
  capable of exploring the universe.

http//www.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/l
ocke.html
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Isaac Newton
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Isaac Newton

• Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and
  physicist, one of the foremost scientific
  intellects of all time.
• Newton made contributions to all branches of
  mathematics, but is especially famous for his
  solutions to the contemporary problems in
  analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves
  and defining areas bounded by curves.

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Newtons role in the Enlightenment

• Discovered the laws of motion, the natural laws
  by which god governed the movement of the
  planets.
• Convinced his contemporaries that human reason
  was capable of exploring the universe and of
  ascertaining by observation and experiment the
  principles by which god governed it.

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John Locke

• John Locke was born in Bristol, England, on
  August 29, 1632.
• Locke was a supporter of religious freedom and
  tolerance. Locke did not believe in the divine
  rights of monarchs. Locke also did not believe in
  slavery.
• Locke also believed in the separation of church
  and state.

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• Locke supported the idea that, the only reason
  for the existence of government was to protect
  the rights of there citizens.
• Locke also felt that the government should be
  divided into three branches to protect the people
  from an absolute monarchy.
• Locke also felt that if the government abused its
  power the people could remove them and form a new
  government.

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• Locke also believed in the equality of women and
  even wanted to give them the right to vote, which
  was an unpopular idea at the time.
• http//www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/constitution/locke-
  bio.html

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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
http//cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/smith.htm
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Intro to Adam Smith

• Scottish political economist
• Born June 5, 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland
• Studied at Oxford University, (may not have
  graduated)
• Author of The Wealth Of Nations (1776)
• 5 sections of The Wealth Of Nations

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The Wealth Of Nations

• The Wealth Of Nations was divided into five
  parts as follows
• 1) Division of labor, and rent, wages and
  profits.
• 2) Capital
• 3) A historical account of European development
  and an analysis of the mercantile system which he
  opposed.

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Continue

• 4) Freedom of trade
• 5) The cost of government including a summary of
  the sources and use of public revenues.

16
Bibliography

• Colliers Encyclopedia Volume 21
• Encyclopedia America Volume 25
• http//cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/smith.htm

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The Great Awakening
http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3505/whitefi
eld.html
George Whitefield
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The Beginning

• A religious revival that lasted from 1739 to 1742
• George Whitefield helped to trigger it,
  frightening people into following his beliefs
• Whitefield wanted people to progress from
  conviction to conversion
• Other ministers helped inspire revival, such as
  Edwards, Davenport, and Tennent
• Those for the revival were of the New Light,
  those against it were of the Old Light

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The Results

• Resulted in greater number of religious groups
  due to rash of schisms
• Calvinists divided into Congregationalists and
  Presbyterians
• More people became influenced by spiritual ideas
• New religious divisions were founded that could
  appeal to all individuals, and their unique
  spiritual ideals

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George Whitefield

• By Will Lazarescu and Nathaniel Keenan

21
http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3505/whitefi
eld.html
22
Whitefields Early Life

• Born in 1714, in Gloucester, England
• Educated at Oxford, England, in 1735
• June 20th, 1736- Ordained as minister and became
  a devout Calvinist
• Left Oxford that year to pursue a life of
  preaching

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Whitefields Preaching Life

• Became one of most powerful preachers of the
  Great Awakening
• Spent 35 years of his life preaching in both
  America and England itself
• Is said to have made over 18,000 sermons in his
  life, dealing with Gods vengeance and fire and
  brimstone

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Whitefield Quotes

• We must never expect to have rest from our
  spiritual adversary the devil, or to say, our
  combat with him is finished, till, with our
  blessed master, we bow down our heads, and give
  up the ghost.
• It is not the greatness or number of our crimes,
  but impenitence and unbelief, that will prove our
  ruin.
• Our blessed Lord has bid us to watch and pray
  always, that we enter not into temptation
  thereby implying, that Satan, whether we think of
  it or not, is always seeking how he may devour
  us.

25
George Whitefield

• Graduated from Oxford University in 1737.
• Became an acclaimed preacher, officially a
  clergyman.
• Undertook a series of fund-raising tours,
  especially in Philadelphia, 1739.
• Had many outdoor meetings. Had 19,000 people
  listen to him preach in Boston, MA, and 20,000 in
  London, England.

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• A firm Calvinist in creed, yet unrivalled as an
  aggressive evangelist.
• Often began sermon saying that his listeners were
  half animals and half devils.
• Criticized by press, clergy, and mob, though
  still remained most influential preacher of time
  period.
• Whitefield's style - popular preaching aimed at
  emotional response
• Simplify the essentials of religion in a way that
  gives them the widest possible mass appeals.

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• Supporters among Congregationalists Old
  Lights, who werent touched by his speeches as
  much as the ordinary subject. These were the
  richer, more educated people.
• Supporters among the revivalist movement New
  Lights and New Sides, the ones who were
  deeply, emotionally impacted.
• Put division among communities, who were already
  struggling to stay united.

28
http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3505/whitefi
eld.html
29
George Whitefield

• By Will Lazarescu and Nathaniel Keenan

30
http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/3505/whitefi
eld.html
31
Whitefields Early Life

• Born in 1714, in Gloucester, England
• Educated at Oxford, England, in 1735
• June 20th, 1736- Ordained as minister and became
  a devout Calvinist
• Left Oxford that year to pursue a life of
  preaching

32
Whitefields Preaching Life

• Became one of most powerful preachers of the
  Great Awakening
• Spent 35 years of his life preaching in both
  America and England itself
• Is said to have made over 18,000 sermons in his
  life, dealing with Gods vengeance and fire and
  brimstone

33
Whitefield Quotes

• We must never expect to have rest from our
  spiritual adversary the devil, or to say, our
  combat with him is finished, till, with our
  blessed master, we bow down our heads, and give
  up the ghost.
• It is not the greatness or number of our crimes,
  but impenitence and unbelief, that will prove our
  ruin.
• Our blessed Lord has bid us to watch and pray
  always, that we enter not into temptation
  thereby implying, that Satan, whether we think of
  it or not, is always seeking how he may devour
  us.

34
Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758)
http//www.jonathanedwards.com/
35
Edwards Life

• Pastor at a church in Northampton, Massachusetts.
• Added a surge of enthusiasm to his church.
• The enthusiasm that he helped create helped draw
  the colonies closer together.
• Sermons and writings were very influential to the
  Great Awakening and for the revival of the early
  19th century.

36
Continued

• Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God was his
  most famous sermon.
• Brilliant theological mind.
• Became missionary to Indians.
• Died of smallpox.

37
Jonathan Edwards
(1703-1758)
Their foot shall slide in due time
-Deut. xxxii. 35
38
http//members.aol.com/jonathanedw/Edwards.html
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• Graduated from Yale at age 17
• married in 1727 to Sara Pierrepont and had 11
  children
• spent 13 hours a day studying
• against letting unconverted people join the
  church which led to expulsion from the church in
  1750
• moved to Massachusetts and became a missionary
  for the Native Americans
• Died in 1758 when he was president of Princeton
  University

40

• One of his greatest masterpieces was a book
  called Religious Affections
• In this writing, he told what he believed were
  and weren't signs of those who had truly been
  converted.
• His famous sermons were The Manner of Seeking
  Salvation, The Justice of God in the Damnation of
  Sinners, Pressing into the Kingdom of God, and
  Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

41
Jonathan Edwards Missionary, Preacher, Scholar
By Joe Zabielski and Mike OMalley
www.PBS.com
42
Edwards Religious Teachings - Edward teachings
helped to ignite the Great Awakening across new
England. - He perched and converted people in a
faith-based on relationship with God. - Pure
faith in God alone would gain a person redemption
rather than by doing just good deeds. - -
43
Quotes from Edwards Preaches Sinners in the Hand
of an Angry God -There is nothing between you
and hell but the air it is only the power and
mere pleasure of God that holds you up.
http//www.towson.edu/tinkler/prose/618.htmledwa
rds
44
Rutgers

• By Laura Howell
• Nicole Leete

45
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/1700b_1.htm
46
Roots

• On November 10, 1776 William Franklin signs the
  charter that brings Queens College into
  existence
• Established to train young men in the ministry in
  the Dutch Reformed Church
• Named in honor of Charlotte of Mecklenburg,
  consort of King George III.

47
Openings and Closings

• During the Revolution many of the professors
  joined the revolution, so classes were held
  sporadically around New England.
• Lacking funds and tutors the college asks to
  merge with Princeton this failing they decide to
  close- but the next year it reopens

48
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/title_1.htm
49
Contd

• In 1812 closes because of the war, but then
  reopens for good in 1825, this time named in
  honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers.
• Rutgers was a revolutionary war hero who was
  thought to epitomize Christian values he was
  also a wealthy bachelor known for his
  philanthropy.

50
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/1800a1_1.htm
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Dartmouth

• By Zoe and
• Katelyn

52
http//www.danorr.com/webster/graphics/dartmouth_c
ampus.jpg
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• The Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational
  minister from Connecticut, founded Dartmouth
  College in 1769.
• Dartmouth is the nation's ninth oldest college.
• Claiming its 1769 charter invalid, the New
  Hampshire legislature established a separate
  governing body for the College and changed its
  name to Dartmouth University.

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Eleazar Wheelock
http//www.dartmouth.edu/about/history.html
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• Dartmouth College was the last of the colonial
  colleges.
• Wheelock was a major figure in the first Great
  Awakening.
• John Wentworth, provided the land upon which
  Dartmouth would be built.
• December 13, 1769, conveyed charter from King
  George III establishing the College
• The charter created a college "for the education
  and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in
  this Land ... and also of English Youth and any
  others."

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Brown University
www.brown.edu/Administration/ Photos/photos.html
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• Founded in 1764
• In 1774 Nicholas and his father James Brown
  helped to secure the colleges place in
  Providence.
• The Rev. James Manning was the college's first
  president and first professor.
• Attracted more radical people than Roger
  Williams.
• Most were Quakers, Antinomians, and Baptists.
• They were the New Lights in the Great Awakening

58
The so-called Great Awakening of the 1730s and
'40s dramatically divided the "Old Lights"
(formal, doctrinaire) from the "New Lights"
(inspirational, mystical). It swelled the ranks
of sects like the Baptists, who absorbed various
New Light factions that had split from their
parent churches.
http//www.brown.edu/webmaster/about/history/part1
.shtml
59
Nicholas and Joseph Brown help to secure the
location of Brown in Providence.
http//www.brown.edu/webmaster/about/history/part1
.shtml
60
James Manning

http//www.brown.edu/webmaster/about/history/part1
.shtml
61
http//www.brown.edu/webmaster/about/history/part2
.shtml
62
John Brown Francis's 1805 receipt for tuition,
room rent, and use of library reflects the
college's new identity as Brown University
http//www.brown.edu/webmaster/about/history/part2
.shtml
63
THE END
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Columbia University The Great Awakening
http//www.columbia.edu/cu/aboutcolumbia/history.h
tml
65
Columbia University The Great Awakening
Columbia University was founded in 1754 as
Kings College through a royal charter of King
George II of England. It is the oldest
institution of higher learning in the state of
New York and the fifth oldest in the United
States. Much controversy surrounded the location
and religious affiliation of Columbia
University. Advocates of New York City won in
the location argument. The religion was
decidedly Anglican but religious toleration and
freedom was stressed.
66
Columbia University The Great Awakening

• When the American Revolution began, college life
  stopped for eight years. However, the college
  still exerted a powerful influence.
• Some of the most famous attendees include
• John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the
  United States
• Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the
  Treasury
• Governor Morris, the author of the final draft
  of the U.S. Constitution
• Robert R. Livingston, who helped draft the
  Declaration of Independence.

67
Columbia University The Great Awakening
After the eight year suspension of instruction,
the College reopened in 1784 with a new
nameColumbiathat embodied the patriotic fervor
which had inspired the nations quest for
independence. The college still retained the
properties of its colonial ancestor -- Its
inclination toward Anglicanism -- The needs of
an urban population There were important
differences Columbia College reflected the
legacy of the Revolution in the greater economic,
denominational, and geographic diversity of its
new students and leaders.
68
Princeton University
http//www.princeton.edu/Siteware/Images/Cornerpic
tures/cornerpixs.shtml
69
Johnathan Dickinson
http//www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/constitution/d
elaware.htmldickinson
70
Facts

• Founded in 1746 as the College of New Jersey
• To train students Different sentiments in
  religion not withstanding
• Initial site of the college was Elizabeth, New
  Jersey
• First President was Johnathan Dickinson
• Dr. John Witherspoon was president to bring
  national acclaim to the college and was the only
  President to sign the Declaration of Independence

http//www.princeton.edu/hr/handbook/history.htm
71
Facts

• The first commencement of the college took place
  in November of 1748
• There was a mixture of Presbyterian and
  Episcopalian religions at the college
• 1769 American Whig Debating Society formed
• 1756 Nassau Hall completed and College of New
  Jersey makes its last move from Newark to
  Princeton

Http//www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/timeline.html
72
Nassau Hall
http//www.princeton.edu/Siteware/Images/Cornerpic
tures/cornerpixs.shtml
73
Rutgers

• By Laura Howell
• Nicole Leete

74
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/1700b_1.htm
75
Roots

• On November 10, 1776 William Franklin signs the
  charter that brings Queens College into
  existence
• Established to train young men in the ministry in
  the Dutch Reformed Church
• Named in honor of Charlotte of Mecklenburg,
  consort of King George III.

76
Openings and Closings

• During the Revolution many of the professors
  joined the revolution, so classes were held
  sporadically around New England.
• Lacking funds and tutors the college asks to
  merge with Princeton this failing they decide to
  close- but the next year it reopens

77
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/title_1.htm
78
Contd

• In 1812 closes because of the war, but then
  reopens for good in 1825, this time named in
  honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers.
• Rutgers was a revolutionary war hero who was
  thought to epitomize Christian values he was
  also a wealthy bachelor known for his
  philanthropy.

79
http//www.rutgers.edu/TimeLine/1800a1_1.htm