TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT
KEY MESSAGES

• Transport is a derived demand
• Need for reducing transport intensity in economic
  growth
  
• Sectors outside transport are important driving
  forces and must contribute to a less transport
  intensive solution
  
• CO2 measures have also an impact on other
  environmental impacts and contribute to the
  overall efficiency of transport

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT THREE KEY ELEMENTS OF E
U TRANSPORT POLICY
Protection of the environment is an integral
component of the Common Transport Policy of the
European Union Transport is never environmentally
neutral Environmental problems in transport have
to be addressed at the most appropriate level,
i.e. global-level, EU level, national level,
regional or local level.

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT I
MPLIES
Environmentally friendly transport
Efficient transport Safe transport Socially acc
eptable transport
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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT FIVE PATHWAYS FOR AN IN
TEGRATIVE APPROACH
Promotion of efficient and environmentally
friendly transport modes Promotion of intermoda
l transport Promotion of supply chain management
Implementation of high technical standards Reg
ulatory framework targeting high efficiency.
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INSTRUMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENTFAIR AND EFFICIENT
PRICING
OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS
To correct the imbalance between different modes
of transport To ensure that prices charged for t
ransportreflect more accurately by the
infrastructure and external costs (incl.
environmental costs) To use the advances provided
by telematics to make electronic road pricing a
real possibility.
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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT FAIR AND EFFICIENT PRIC
ING (CONTINUED)

• Charging for infrastructure use will open the way
  to public/private investment partnerships
  (PPPs)?
  
• Will encourage more efficient maintenance of
  infrastructure.?

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Auto-Oil I was designed to
To identify objectives for major pollutants
carbon monoxide,
benzene,
nitrogen dioxide,
particulate matter,
ground level ozone
To calculate reductions needed from road
transport to meet these obligations by 2010

To develop cost-efficient packages of measures to
be introduced from the year 2000.
TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT AUTO-OIL PROGRAMMES I A
ND II
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Two-step tightening of passenger car and light
commercial vehicles emissions (in 2000 and 2005)

Tightening of emissions from Heavy Duty Vehicles
Random Roadside Testing of commercial vehicles
New environmental specifications for petrol and
diesel fuels to take effect from the year 2000
very low sulphur fuels to be mandatory from 2005

Leaded fuels to be phased out by 2000
Proposals to be brought forward by the Commission
for further complementing measures to take effect
from 2005.
TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT The practical outcome o
f Auto-Oil I was
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Traffic management
Pricing/tolling/road user charges
Public transport
Intermodality
Measure to increase the efficiency of road
freight transport

Fleet modernisation
Behavioural aspects
Land-use planning.
TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Auto-Oil II looks mainl
y at non-technical measures
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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Sectoral breakdown of C
O2 emissions fromfossil fuels in the EU
in (1995) EU 15 (14 of
world) 100Electricity and heat production
31.1Energy branch 4.1Industry
17.2Households, commerce 20.7
Transport of which 26.4 Railways(1)
0.3 Road transport 22.2 Air
transport 3.2 Inland navigation(2)
0.7Notes (1) without fossil fuel for
electricity production (2) including passenger
transport and leisure boating
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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION IN 1995
(million tonnes)

• Total of which of which
  transport road
  
  
• E.U. 3.048 ( 14) 26 22
• U.S.A. 5.229 ( 24) 30 24
• Japan 1.150 ( 5) 22 18
• World 22.150 ( 100) 20 16

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Primary tools for decre
asing CO2

• Internalisation of external costs
• Better logistics and supply chain management
• Shift to more energy-efficient transport modes
• More efficient organisation of transport
  (improved loading ratios, less empty running,
  optimised vehicle sizes, etc.)
  
• Increased fuel efficiency and use of alternative
  fuels which are less carbon intensive.

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Complementary measures

While transport is mainly a derived demand,
measures must also be taken outside the
transport sector

• Measures to be taken by national, -regional-,
  local authorities, as well as by the private
  sector include inter alia
  
• better use of existing capacities
  (infrastructure, rolling stock, etc)
  
• improved land-use planning
• less transport-intensive organisation of
  production
  
• promotion of tele-shopping and tele-working.

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Longer-term approach to
CO2 reduction from transport

• Alternative propulsion systems and fuels
• Research and Development
• Specific emphasis in the context of the Fifth
  Framework Programme for Research and Development
  
• ALTENER and THERMIE demonstration programs

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Cost-effective policy a
pproaches to reduce CO2 emissions in European
Union red reduction of emission
s for particular transport mode
green reduction of emissions for the transport
sector as a whole.

• Improved logistics in road transport -10 to
  -40
  
• Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger
  cars -30
  
• Revitalisation of railways
  -3
  
• Promotion of public transport -2 to
  -6
  
• Promotion of short-sea shipping
• Promotion of intermodal transport
  -4
  
• Measures to enhance Air Traffic Management
  -7

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TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Cost-effective policy a
pproaches to reduce CO2 emissions (continued)
green reduction of emissions f
or the transport sector as a whole

• Fiscal measures in Aviation (tax on kerosene)
• Fair and Efficient Pricing 7-16
• Strategic Environmental Assessment
• Promotion of complementary measures to be taken
  by national, regional and local authorities,
  including land-use planning.

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Passenger car fuel efficiency
Fair and Efficient pricing
Completion of the Internal Market in rail
transport

Better integration of the various modes of
transport into an intermodal transport system
TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT Effect of different mea
sures for reducing CO2 in transport by 2010 in
European Union

A prudent estimate of effect of measures in the
field of
indicates a CO2 emissions reduction from
transport of 20 - 25 below the baseline.