Cell Phones

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Cell Phones

• ECE5367 Project
• Dr.Chen Fall 2004
• Luong Tang
• Daisuke Hagiwara
• Shehzaad Bidiwala

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Cell Phone Milestones

• 1843 - Michael Faraday began research involving
  electrical conductivity through open space. His
  discoveries made cellular phones possible.
• 1865 - Dr. Mahlon Loomis, a dentist, developed a
  method of wireless communication using kites.
• 1973 - Dr. Martin Cooper, former general man-ager
  for systems division of Motorola, invented the
  portable handset and was the first to use it.
  Also set up the first base station in New York
  with the first working prototype.

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Cell Phone Milestones (contd.)

• 1977 Cellular phones are released to the public
  for testing purposes. First to Chi-cago, then to
  Washington D.C. and the Baltimore area.
• 1979 Cellular phones are tested in Japan.
• 1988 CTIA (Cellular Technology Industry
  Association) was developed to set stan-dards for
  the cellular phone providers.

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Cellular System

• Typical cell-phone carrier gets about 800
  frequencies to use across the city.
• A city is divided into hundreds of cells (10
  square miles)
• Cells are normally thought of as hexagons on a
  big hexagonal grid
• Each call uses two frequencies for duplex
  communcation, therefore there are about 400 voice
  channels
• Each cell only use 56 voice channels, 1/7th of
  the available 400 channels

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http//www.mat.ucsb.edu/g.legrady/academic/course
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Advantages of Cells

• Cell phones have low-power transmitters in them.
  (0.6 watts and 3 watts)
• The base station in each cell is also
  transmitting at low power.
• Low-power transmitters have two advantages
• The transmissions of a base station and the
  phones are kept within a cell. Therefore, in the
  figure above, both of the purple cells can reuse
  the same 56 frequencies without interference.
• Low power consumption of the cell phone. Meaning
  smaller batteries

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http//www.mat.ucsb.edu/g.legrady/academic/course
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Components

• Circuit board containing the brains of the phone
• An antenna
• A liquid crystal display (LCD)
• A keyboard
• A microphone
• A speaker
• A battery

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http//www.mat.ucsb.edu/g.legrady/academic/course
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The circuit board

• analog-to-digital outgoing audio signals
• digital-to-analog incoming audio signals
• digital signal processor (DSP)
  signal-manipulation calculations at high speed.
• Microprocessor controls the keyboard, display,
  commands and signals of the base station, and the
  rest of the board
• ROM Flash memory storage for the phones
  operating system and customizable features
• Radio frequency and power section power
  management and recharging
• RF amplifiers works with signals to and from the
  antenna

http//www.mat.ucsb.edu/g.legrady/academic/course
s/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
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Inside a typical cell phone
Microprocessor
Flash memory
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http//www.mat.ucsb.edu/g.legrady/academic/course
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The Nokia 3210

• Baseband architecture HD947
• NSE8/9 Series

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The Baseband Architecture
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Key Components
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DC/DC converter

• The battery voltage is 1.8V to 3.6V
• depending on the battery charge amount.
• converted to one of 4 voltage levels
• in the range from 3.1 V to 4.2 V for RF

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CCONT

• Multi functional power management IC
• Provides Baseband power distribution
• Uses voltage regulators
• Feeds the power to the whole system.

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Cobba_GJP

• Mixed signal RF and Audio codec
• Provides A/D and D/A conversion
• Audio signals
• Two serial busses Data transmission with MAD2PR1
• Input/output signal source selection and gain
  control
• Audio tones are generated and encoded by the
  MAD2PR1 and transmitted to the COBBA_GJP for
  decoding

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UI Switch

• Integrated switch IC for UI (User interface)
  purposes
• control switches for
• buzzer
• vibra
• LED (display keyboard) control

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UI Switch
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MAD2PR1

• Takes care of all signal processing
• Consists of MCU, system logic and DSP
• All integrated into one common ASIC.

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MAD2PR1 The Digital Part

• ARM RISC processor (1632 bit instruction)
• TMS320C542 DSP core
• BusController
• System Logic
• UIF(Keyboard interface, serial control interface
  for COBBA_GJP PCM Codec, LCD Driver, and CCONT)
• AccIF(Accessory Interface)
• SCU(Synthesizer Control Unit)
• SIMI(SimCard interface)
• PUP(Parallel IO, USART)
• FLEXPOOL(DAS00308 FlexPool Specification)
• SERRFI(DAS00348 COBBA_GJP Specifications)

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RISC processor

• Reduced Instruction Set Computer
• computer arithmetic-logic unit that uses a
  minimal instruction set, emphasizing the
  instructions used most often and optimizing them
  for the fastest possible execution
• faster instruction execution, such as engineering
  and graphics workstations and parallel-processing
  systems

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DSP

• TMS320C542 DSP
• 1 program memory bus, 3 data memory buses
• 2 reads and 1 write operation can be performed in
  1 cycle (25ns)
• 40 MIPS (40 MHz)
• 40-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Instructions With a 32-Bit Long Word Operand
• Arithmetic Instructions With Parallel Store and
  Parallel Load

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Part of the DSP- TMS320C542
http//focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320c542.pdf
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PSCC

• Battery Charging Control ASIC
• controlled low drop power switch
• input transient voltage protection
• thermal self protection
• output over voltage protection (voltage limit for
  phone hardware)
• startup regulator with limited charge current,
  Istart
• provision for soft switching
• control of different charger types

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Memory

• FLASH Rom
• EEPROM
• SRAM

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SRAM (Shrink TSOP32)

• The MCU work memory
• size 128kB
• Volatile memory contents are lost when the
  Baseband voltage is switched off
• Memory bus share with Flash memory
• 17 address lines,
• 8 data lines

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EEPROM (IIC SO8)

• Contains all user changeable data
• Tuning parameters and phone setup information.
• short code memory for storing user defined
  information
• Size 16Kbytes

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FLASH Memory (uBGA48)

• The MCU program codes
• The program memory size is 16 Mbits (1024kx16bit)
• 20 address lines
• 16 data lines

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Memory
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Summary Memory

• FLASH Rom stores MCU program code, 2 MB,
  parallel memory bus 10 address lines and 16 data
  lines
• EEPROM stores system and tuning parameters user
  settings and selections, etc., nonvolatile,
  serial IIC bus, 16 kB,
• SRAM MCU work memory, parallel bus, 17 address
  lines and 8 data lines, 128 kB

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Cell Phone Statistics

• In 1994, 16 million Americans subscribed to
  cellular phone services.
• In 2001, the number grew to 110 million.
• It is predicted to reach 1.2 billion by 2005.

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Questions?

• Thank you.

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