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Maintaining Your Vehicle

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Title: Maintaining Your Vehicle


1
Chapter 17
  • Maintaining Your Vehicle

2
Chapter 17 Overview
  • Chapter 17 explains proper maintenance of a
    vehicle for safety, efficiency, and economy of
    operation. You will learn how various systems
    operate and how to maintain them. Preventive
    maintenance is addressed, including day-to-day
    care and routine servicing. The lesson on
    fuel-saving and recycling strategies includes
    facts about fuel efficiency and vehicle design.

3
17.1 Maintaining the Power Systems
  • This section introduces vehicle power systems,
    explains their functions, and describes the
    procedures for maintaining them. The power
    systems addressed are power and drive systems,
    ignition and electrical systems, lubrication and
    cooling systems, and fuel and emission systems.
  • Section 1 Objectives Following this section, I
    will be able to
  • 1. Identify the warning signs for needed repairs
    for the power and drive systems, ignition and
    electrical systems, and fuel and exhaust systems.
  • 2. Describe the steps to follow to start a
    vehicle that has a dead battery.

4
17.1 Vocabulary
  • At the conclusion of this section, I will be able
    to define
  • 1. alternator
  • 2. carburetor
  • 3. catalytic converter
  • 4. differential
  • 5. drive shaft
  • 6. fuel-injection system
  • 7. muffler
  • 8. oil pump
  • 9. power plant
  • 10. radiator
  • 11. thermostat
  • 12. transaxle
  • 13. transmission, and
  • 14. water pump

5
17.1 Maintaining the Power Systems
  • Your vehicle has many systems. Knowing about
    them and referring to your owners manual will
    help you handle problems that might occur.

6
Power and Drive Systems
  • Powerplant (engine)- source of energy that
    maintains a vehicles movement.
  • Transmission- houses different gears to deliver
    power to the drive wheels at different speeds.
  • Drive shaft- long metal tube in rear-wheel drive
    vehicles that carries power from the engine to
    the differential.
  • Differential- located in rear of rear-wheel drive
    vehicles. It allows one wheel to turn more
    slowly than the other when turning corners.

7
Power and Drive Systems
  • Transaxle- located between the two half shafts on
    the front-wheel drive vehicles and replaces the
    transmission and differential.
  • Check automatic transmission or transaxle fluid
    frequently.

8
Ignition and Electrical Systems
  • Alternator- generates an electrical current that
    recharges the battery.
  • Battery- provides power for the starter, lights,
    computer assisted controls, and other electrical
    accessories. Keep your cables tight and clean.
    Battery acid is very strong and can cause severe
    injury.

9
Starting a Vehicle That Has a Dead Battery
  • 1. Bring the two vehicles close together but do
    not let them touch.
  • 2. Place both vehicles in PARK and set the
    parking brake. Turn off the engine of the
    vehicle with the good battery.
  • 3. Look for the (POS) and (NEG) terminals on
    each battery.
  • 4. Clamp the red cable to the POS terminal of
    the good battery and then connect the other end
    to the POS terminal of the dead battery.
  • 5. Clamp the black cable to the NEG terminal of
    the good battery.
  • 6. Clamp the other end of the black cable to a
    negative ground on the vehicle with the dead
    battery. (Do not clamp the negative cable to the
    bad batterys negative post.)

10
Starting a Vehicle That Has a Dead Battery
  • 7. Start the vehicle with the good battery and
    let it run for a few minutes. Then start the
    vehicle with the dead battery.
  • 8. Remove the cables in the opposite order in
    which they were attached.
  • 9. Throw away any cloth materials that may have
    battery acid on it.

11
Lubrication and Cooling Systems
  • Lubrication is the use of oil, grease, and other
    substances to reduce damage to moving parts from
    heat caused by friction.
  • Cooling is a process of reducing heat that builds
    up in a vehicles engine or transmission.
  • Proper lubrication and cooling keeps the systems
    operating efficiently.

12
Lubrication System
  • (See diagram on page 360.) The oil pump forces
    oil from the oil pan through the oil filter.
    From the filter, oil travels through oil lines to
    the engines moving parts. Oil is returned to the
    oil pan, and then the cycle starts all over
    again.
  • The oil needs to be changed regularly (usually
    every 2,500 3,000 miles or every 3 months,
    which ever comes first).
  • Your vehicle may need to be greased periodically.

13
Cooling Systems
  • The radiator holds and cools the coolant, a
    mixture of water and antifreeze.
  • The water pump draws coolant from the radiator
    and forces it through the engines cooling
    system. The fan draws air through the radiator
    top help cool the coolant.
  • The thermostat opens and closes to control the
    flow of coolant to the radiator.
  • It is suggested that the cooling system be
    flushed and replenished with new coolant at least
    once every two years.

14
Fuel System
  • The fuel pump draws fuel from the fuel tank
    through the fuel line. Fuel is then pumped to
    the carburetor or fuel-injection system.
  • Air is drawn through the air filter and mixes
    with the fuel.
  • Fuel injection systems deliver the exact amount
    of the gas/air mixture to the cylinders to gain
    the maximum power and fuel efficiency.

15
Emission System
  • The combustion process creates exhaust. The
    emission system takes the exhaust and
    recirculates unburned fuel back into the
    combustion process for greater efficiency.
  • The catalytic converter converts harmful gases
    into less harmful gases and water.
  • The muffler reduces the noise from combustion in
    the engine. After passing through the muffler,
    the exhaust leaves through the tailpipe at the
    rear of the vehicle.
  • Have the emission system checked periodically to
    ensure there are no leaks in the system. This
    will reduce the risk of carbon monoxide
    poisoning.

16
Review It
  • 1. Name at least one warning sign that indicates
    needed repairs for each of these systems power,
    drive, ignition, electrical, lubrication,
    cooling, fuel, and exhaust.
  • 2. What are the proper steps for starting a
    vehicle that has a dead battery?

17
17.2 Maintaining the Control Systems
  • This section introduces the vehicles control
    systems, explains their functions, and describes
    the procedures for maintaining them. The control
    systems addressed are steering, brake,
    suspension, and traction control.
  • Section 2 Objectives Following this section, I
    will be able to
  • 1. Identify the warning signs that might
    indicate the need for repair of the steering,
    brake, or suspension systems.
  • 2. Identify ways to maintain tires for longer
    wear.

18
17.2 Vocabulary
  • At the conclusion of this section, I will be able
    to define
  • 15. belted tire
  • 16. master cylinder
  • 17. power steering
  • 18. radial tire

19
17.2 Maintaining the Control Systems
  • Steering system- steering wheel, steering column,
    steering gear, and the connections to the front
    wheels.
  • Power steering- a system that uses a hydraulic
    pump and fluid to make steering easier. Avoid
    turning the steering wheel when the vehicle is
    not moving as it causes wear on the steering
    system.
  • Steering problems can be serious and need to
    repaired immediately. Check for play or
    excessive movement in the steering wheel
    steering difficulty, even though tires are
    properly inflated shimmying or wobbling, or
    shaking or pulling to one side under normal
    driving conditions or squealing sounds when you
    make turns.

20
Brake System
  • Good brakes are essential for safe operation of
    your vehicle. How long they last depends upon
    how you use them and your driving conditions.
  • Brake system has four individual brakes (one on
    each wheel), brake lines, brake fluid, wheel
    cylinders, and a master cylinder.
  • Master cylinder- has two parts and each part
    controls two wheels. Brake fluid is forced from
    the master cylinder through the brake lines to
    each of the wheels brake cylinders. The cylinder
    at each wheel forces the brake shoes or pads
    against the brake drum or disk. This causes
    friction which slows and stops the vehicle. (see
    picture on p. 363)

21
Brake System
  • Never drive a vehicle with a faulty brake system,
    regardless of the distance.
  • A vehicles brakes will adjust when backing in
    reverse. To adjust the brakes, stop, back up,
    and brake firmly. Repeat several times. If
    brake pedal still goes closer than 2 to the
    floor, get your brakes inspected.
  • Look for brake problem indicators spongy feel
    to brakes pedal pulling to one side when
    stopping grabbing or uneven brake action
    squealing or chattering noises in the brakes a
    need to push the brake harder than usual to stop
    the vehicle.

22
Brake System
  • The parking brake is connected to the rear brakes
    through a separate brake system. The parking
    brake should hold a vehicle on a hill. Keep it
    in good working condition.
  • Keep the brake fluid in the master cylinder
    filled to the proper level with the correct
    fluid.
  • Have your brakes checked on an annual basis or
    when you think there may be a problem.

23
Suspension System
  • Provides you with a comfortable ride and keeps
    your tires going in the direction you are
    steering.
  • Consists of a series of rods, bars, springs,
    shocks absorber or strut assembly at each wheel,
    and other components.
  • Check your vehicles bounce and for uneven tire
    wear. These may be an indication of a problem
    with the suspension.

24
Tires
  • They are the lifeline to the roadway.
  • Tire construction
  • 1. belted tire- has special layers added to a
    bias-ply tire for improved strength, performance,
    and mileage.
  • 2. radial tire- strengthened with steel belts
    running just under the tread. Better tread
    mileage, traction, and fuel economy compared to
    other tires.
  • Inflation and tread- keep tires properly inflated
    at all times. Low inflation causes tires to wear
    quickly. Keep air gauge in vehicle.

25
Rotation and Alignment
  • Rotate your tires regularly to promote longer
    tire life. Every other oil change or 6,000 miles
    is generally what is recommended for rotating
    your tires.
  • Follow your owners manual for the recommended
    pattern of rotation for your vehicle. (see
    picture on p. 366)
  • Have tires balanced periodically to promote even
    wear.
  • Have your wheels aligned periodically. This is
    especially important for front-wheel drive
    vehicles as it increases the life of the tire and
    reduces excessive and uneven wear.

26
Replacing Tires
  • When tires are worn there will be a wear bar that
    shows up. It is a smooth bar that appears across
    your tires tread.
  • When the wear bar is seen it is time to replace
    that tire.
  • Replace with the same size and type of tire.
  • Never use a radial tire with another type of
    tire. They do not react the same as belted tires.

27
Tire Quality and Grading
  • See page 367 for the chart that refers to Grades
    of Tires.
  • Read the box at the bottom of the chart for
    further explanation of how tires are graded.

28
Notes
  • Most tires have a rubber life as well as a tread
    life. Check tires periodically for cracks and
    dryness. This is particularly important for
    low-mileage vehicles.
  • Low-inflation tires, also called run-flat tires,
    allow a driver to drive for up to 50 miles at
    speeds greater than 50 mph, even though the tire
    has lost its pressure. Another innovation is a
    tire that seals itself when punctured by things
    like nails.
  • A vehicle with oversize tires may not display or
    record accurate speed or mile readings on the
    speedometer or odometer.

29
Review It
  • 1. Identify at least one repair warning sign for
    the steering, brake, and suspension systems.
  • 2. How can you maintain tires for longer wear?

30
17.3 Preventive Maintenance
  • This section introduces preventive maintenance,
    including routine checks and scheduled service.
    Suggestions for selecting a qualified technician
    are included.
  • Section 3 Objectives Following this section, I
    will be able to
  • 1. List preventive maintenance checks to make
    before and after starting the vehicle, while
    driving, and when fueling or servicing the
    vehicle.
  • 2. Explain how to find a qualified mechanic or
    technician.

31
17.3 Vocabulary
  • At the conclusion of this section, I will be able
    to define
  • 19. preventive maintenance

32
Preventive Maintenance
  • This is the routine care and attention you give
    to your vehicle to avoid trouble later.
  • This includes the day-to-day care as well as the
    periodic recommended services as outlined in your
    owners manual.
  • Manufacturer or dealer warranty may not stay in
    effect if maintenance schedules are not followed.
    Be sure to keep records and receipts of work
    done on your vehicle.

33
Routine Checks
  • Outside checks before getting in the vehicle-
    (different colors of fluids in diagram on p. 368)
  • Inside vehicle checks after your engine has
    started-
  • While driving-
  • At a fuel stop-

34
Selecting a Qualified Technician
  • Vehicles are complex machines. It is important
    that you find a reliable service and repair
    location staffed with trained and certified
    technicians and mechanics.
  • How would you select a qualified mechanic?
  • Some people compare the selection of a good
    technician or mechanic to looking for a family
    physician. You want someone who is well-trained,
    experienced, professional, and trustworthy.
    Proper maintenance and repairs will help preserve
    your vehicle, one of your largest investments.

35
State Vehicle Inspections
  • Some states require periodic vehicle inspections
    (Missouri requires annual vehicle inspections).
  • Inspections can detect safety-related problems
    before they become hazards. Defects must be
    repaired before vehicle can be licensed.

36
Review It
  • 1. List some preventive maintenance checks you
    should make before and after starting the
    vehicle, while driving, and when stopping for
    fuel.
  • 2. List the steps you can take to find a
    qualified technician or mechanic.

37
17.4 Fuel-Saving and Recycling Strategies
  • This section presents information on innovations
    in design and technology that influence the ways
    vehicles look and perform. Lesson topics include
    facts about fuel efficiency, calculating miles
    per gallon, vehicle design, engine improvements,
    and recycling strategies.
  • Section 4 Objectives Following this section, I
    will be able to
  • 1. Identify ways you can improve a vehicles
    fuel efficiency.
  • 2. Explain how to calculate miles per gallon of
    fuel consumption.
  • 3. Identify strategies for recycling
    automotive-related materials.

38
17.4 Vocabulary
  • At the conclusion of this section, I will be able
    to define
  • 20. engine management system

39
Facts About Fuel Efficiency
  • Most vehicles are most fuel efficient between 50
    55 mph.
  • Keep windows closed at speeds of 45 mph or
    greater to cut wind resistance.
  • For every 5 mph over 55 mph most cars get about
    1.5 fewer miles per gallon.
  • While driving in the city, coast to stops and
    moderately accelerate. Jack-rabbit starts and
    stops waste fuel.

40
Facts About Fuel Efficiency
  • If possible use a vehicle with a warm engine. A
    warm engine is more fuel-efficient than a cold
    engine.
  • The greatest fuel consumption is within the first
    few minutes after starting a cold engine.
  • The most efficient way to warm your engine is to
    drive at moderate speeds for the first few miles.
  • Avoid excessive idling to avoid wasting fuel.

41
Calculating Miles Per Gallon
  • Most drivers want to get the most mpg possible.
  • Checking your fuel economy can give you a
    indication of potential mechanical problems.
  • Number of miles driven MPG
  • Number of gallons used

42
Vehicle Design
  • Designs have been streamlined to reduce wind
    resistance and help increase fuel efficiency.
  • Vehicles have become lighter and smaller.
  • Lighter-weight materials and plastics have
    replaced older, heavier steel and metal
    components.
  • Smaller, lighter vehicles need less power to move
    increasing fuel efficiency.

43
Engine Improvements
  • Smaller engines have become more common. Smaller
    engines provide better fuel economy.
  • Engine management systems which use electronic
    ignitions and computers help engines operate and
    use fuel efficiently.

44
Recycling Strategies
  • It is important to recycle automotive materials
    such as motor oil, antifreeze, and batteries
    because they are hazardous to health and the
    environment.
  • If you work on your own vehicle you will need to
    find a place to recycle your automotive-related
    materials.

45
Review It
  • 1. What are some ways to improve the fuel
    efficiency of your vehicle?
  • 2. Explain how to calculate miles-per-gallon of
    fuel consumption.
  • 3. What are at least three examples of
    automotive-related items that can be recycled?
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