Chapter 12: Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition

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Chapter 12 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition
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Characteristics of a monopolistically competitive
market

• Many buyers and sellers

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Characteristics of a monopolistically competitive
market

• Many buyers and sellers
• Differentiated products

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Characteristics of a monopolistically competitive
market

• Many buyers and sellers
• Differentiated products
• Easy entry and exit

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Relationship to other market models

• Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect
  competition in that
• There are many buyers and sellers
• There are no barriers to entry or exit

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Relationship to other market models

• Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect
  competition in that
• There are many buyers and sellers
• There are no barriers to entry or exit
• Monopolistic competition is similar to monopoly
  in that
• Each firm is the sole producer of a particular
  product (although there are close substitutes)
• The firm faces a downward sloping demand curve
  for its product

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Demand curve facing a monopolistically
competitive firm
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The firms demand curve and entry and exit

• As firms enter a monopolistically competitive
  market, the demand facing a typical firm declines
  and becomes more elastic.

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Short-run equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive industry

• Economic profits lead to entry and a reduction in
  the demand facing a typical firm.

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Long-run equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive industry

• Entry continues until economic profit equals zero
  for a typical firm.
• This equilibrium is often referred to as a
  tangency equilibrium.

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Short-run equilibrium with economic losses
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Long-run equilibrium
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Monopolistic competition vs. perfect competition

• A monopolistically competitive firm, in the long
  run, has excess capacity (i.e., it produces a
  level of output that is below the least-cost
  level).
• This is a cost of product variety.

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Monopolistic competition and efficiency

• As the number of firms rises, a monopolistically
  competitive firms demand curve becomes more
  elastic.
• As the number of firms in a market expands, the
  market approaches a perfectly competitive market.
• Thus, economic inefficiency may be smaller when
  there is a large number of firms in a
  monopolistically competitive market.

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Product differentiation and advertising

• Monopolistically competitive firms may receive
  short-run economic profit from successful product
  differentiation and advertising.
• These profits are, however, expected to disappear
  in the long run as other firms copy successful
  innovations.

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Location decisions

• Monopolistically competitive firms often locate
  near each other to appeal to the median
  customer in a geographical region. (e.g., fast
  food restaurants and car dealerships)

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Oligopoly

• a small number of firms produce most output,

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Oligopoly

• a small number of firms produce most output.
• a standardized or differentiated product,

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Oligopoly

• a small number of firms produce most output,
• a standardized or differentiated product,
• recognized mutual interdependence,

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Oligopoly

• a small number of firms produce most output,
• a standardized or differentiated product,
• recognized mutual interdependence, and
• difficult entry.

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Strategic behavior

• Strategic behavior occurs when the best outcome
  for one party depends upon the actions and
  reactions of other parties.

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Kinked demand curve model

• Other firms are assumed to match price decreases,
  but not price increases.

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Kinked demand curve model

• Other firms are assumed to match price decreases,
  but not price increases.
• There is little evidence suggesting that this
  model describes the behavior of oligopoly firms.

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Kinked demand curve model

• Other firms are assumed to match price decreases,
  but not price increases.
• There is little evidence suggesting that this
  model describes the behavior of oligopoly firms.
• Game theory models are more commonly used to
  explain oligopoly markets.

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Game theory

• Examines the payoffs associated with alternative
  choices of each participant in the game.

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Game theory examples

• Prisoners dilemma

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Game theory examples

• Prisoners dilemma
• Duopoly pricing game

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Dominant strategy

• A dominant strategy is one that provides the
  highest payoff for an individual for each and
  every possible action by rivals.

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Dominant strategy

• A dominant strategy is one that provides the
  highest payoff for an individual for each and
  every possible action by rivals.
• Confession is the dominant strategy in the
  prisoners dilemma game. A low price is the
  dominant strategy in the duopoly pricing game.

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Dominant strategy

• A dominant strategy is one that provides the
  highest payoff for an individual for each and
  every possible action by rivals.
• Confession is the dominant strategy in the
  prisoners dilemma game. A low price is the
  dominant strategy in the duopoly pricing game.
• It is more difficult to predict the outcome when
  no dominant strategy exists or when the game is
  repeated with the same players.

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Shared monopoly

• Joint profits are higher when firms behave as a
  shared monopoly.

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Shared monopoly

• Joint profits are higher when firms behave as a
  shared monopoly.
• Such a cartel arrangement is illegal in the U.S.

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Shared monopoly

• Joint profits are higher when firms behave as a
  shared monopoly.
• Such a cartel arrangement is illegal in the U.S.
• Price leadership

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Shared monopoly

• Joint profits are higher when firms behave as a
  shared monopoly
• Such a cartel arrangement is illegal in the U.S.
• Price leadership
• Facilitating practices (e.g., cost-plus pricing,
  recommended retail prices, etc.)

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Cartels

• Cartels are legal in some countries
• A cartel arrangement can maximize industry
  profits
• Each firm, though, can increase its profits by
  violating the agreement
• Cartel agreements have generally been unstable.

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Imperfect information

• Brand name identification serves as a signal of
  product quality. Customers are willing to pay a
  higher price for products produced by firms that
  they recognize.
• Product guarantees also serve as a signal of
  product quality