The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

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Part II
Chapter Seven

• The First Two Years Psychosocial Development

Emotional Development Theories About Infant
Psychosocial The Development of Social
Bonds Conclusions in Theory and Practices
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Emotional Development in Infancy

• Specific Emotions
• infants progress from pleasure and pain
• happy and relaxed when fed, then drift off to
  sleep
• cry when hurt or hungry, are tired or frightened
  or have colic
• social smiles are evoked by a human face,
  normally evident about 6 weeks after birth
• anger is evident at 6 months

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Emotional Development in Infancy

• Specific Emotions
• fully formed fear in response to some person,
  thing, or situation emerges at about 9 months
• infant no
  longer smiles at any friendly faces, and cries if
  an unfamiliar person moves to close, too quickly
• 
  expressed in tears, dismay, or anger when a
  familiar caregiver leaves

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Emotional Development in Infancy

• Specific Emotions
• separation anxiety is normal at age 1
• intensifies by age 2, and usually subsides after
  that
• 1-year-olds fear not just strangers but also
  anything unexpected
• emotions that emerge in the first month
  strengthen at about age 1

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Emotional Development in Infancy

• Self Awareness
• ... emotional growth that has the infant
  realizing that his or her body, mine,
• and actions are separate from those
• of other people
• self-recognition emerges at about

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Psychoanalytic Eriksons Theory
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How is the great conflict of toddlerhood
(autonomy vs. shame and doubt) positively
resolved?
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Behaviorism

• Infants emotions and personality are molded as
  parents reinforce or punish childs spontaneous
  behavior
• social learning adds to personality formation
• social referencing strengthens learning by
  observation

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Cognitive Theory

• Individuals thoughts and values determine
  perspective on the world
• Working model

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Epigenetic Theory

• Each child is born with a genetic predisposition
  to develop certain traits
• Temperamentconstitutionally based individual
  differences in emotion, motor, and attentional
  reactivity and self-regulation.
• inhibited
• uninhibited
• epigeneticthough personality traits not learned,
  environment affects their expression

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• Temperament
• Inborn differences between one person and another
  in emotions, activity, and self-control.
  Temperament is epigenetic, originating in genes
  but affected by child-rearing practices.

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Research on Temperament Nine Characteristics p.
175
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Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development

• The Parents Role
• infant temperament often changes with adult
  guidance
• goodness of fit is a similarity of temperament
  and values that produces a smooth interaction
  between an individual and his or her social
  context, including family, school, and community

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Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development

• Sociocultural Theory
• human development occurs in a cultural
  context.
• sociocultural theorists argue culture
• has a substantial influence on infants
• has a major impact on infant-caregiver
  relationships, thus the development of the infant

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Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development

• Proximal and Distal Parenting
• parenting practices that involve close physical
  contact with the childs entire body, such as
  cradling and swinging
• parenting practices that focus on the intellect
  more than the body, such as talking with the baby
  and playing with an object

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Synchrony
• is a coordinated interaction between caregiver
  and infant,

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Attachment
• according to Ainsworth, is an affectional tie
  that an infant forms with the caregiver

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Secure and Insecure Attachment
• secure attachment
• infant obtains both comfort and confidence from
  the presence of his or her caregiver
• insecure-avoidant attachment
• infant avoids connection with the caregiver,
  seems not to care about the caregivers presence,
  departure, or return

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Insecure Attachment
• insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
• anxiety and uncertainty are evident,
• infant is very upset at separation and both
  resists and seeks contact on reunion
• disorganized attachment
• inconsistent reactions to the caregivers
  departure and return

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• Measuring Attachment
• Strange Situation

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Measuring the Security of Attachment

• Secure
• Avoidant
• Resistant
• Disorganized-disoriented

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Social Referencing
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Referencing Mom

• Look to mother for comfort
• Mothers tone and expression can become guide to
  how to react to unfamiliar or ambiguous event

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Referencing Dad

• Fathers play more than mothers
• Infants look to fathers for fun and physical play
• Physically active play with fathers may
  contribute to development of social skills and
  emotional expression
• Physically active play with fathers helps
  children master motor skills and develop muscle
  control

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Infant Day Care
• more than ½ of all 1-year-olds in the U.S. are in
  regular scheduled nonmaternal care
• family day care
• center day care

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• Satisfying a childs basic needs with care,
  consistency, and continuity reflects

• Eriksons first stage.
• Eriksons second stage.
• the social learning theory.
• Freuds first stage.

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The effect that genotype has on personality is
most likely to be found in the

• learning theory.
• psychoanalytic theory.
• epigenetic theory.
• cognitive theory.

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A child who seeks contact when distressed would
be considered

• secure.
• insecure avoidant.
• insecure resistant.
• insecure disorganized.

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Separation anxiety is good because it

• demonstrates that an infant is beginning to
  express emotions.
• indicates the presence of attachment.
• forces independence.
• demonstrates a working model.

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Research suggests that when it comes to social
referencing, ________ tend to be more encouraging
and ________ tend to be more cautious.

• fathers mothers
• mothers fathers
• white parents black parents
• sisters brothers

31
Alice appears to be embarrassed when her mom
tells her Sing for grandma! Alice hides behind
her mothers legs and peeks out. How old do you
think Alice is?

• 6 months
• 9 months
• 12 months
• 18 months

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Sally takes her 20-month-old son to the park.
After playing for five minutes he runs back to
mom, touches her, and then runs off again. The
sons behavior would be called

• synchrony.
• proximity-seeking.
• contact-maintaining.
• insecure attachment.

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Infant and toddler day care is potentially
detrimental to development when

• Caregivers are well-trained professionals.
• the environment is clean and safe.
• there is a low caregiver-to-infant ratio.
• language communication is kept to a minimum.