The Civil War

1
Chapter 11

• The Civil War

2
Goals

• North (Union Yankees)
• Preserve the Union
• Uncommitted States
• Delaware
• Kentucky
• Missouri
• Maryland

• South (Confederacy Rebels)
• Independence

3
Preparations

• North
• Less than 17,000 soldiers
• 1/3 of officers fought for Confederacy
• ½ of Naval Ships usable

• South
• No army or navy
• Solely dependent on state militias

4
Resources

• North
• More states
• Larger population
• Manufacturing
• Army, navy, and merchant marine

• South
• Military tradition
• King Cotton European support
• Short war would benefit the South

5
Governments

• North- Lincoln stretches presidential powers
• Martial law imposed
• Opening of private mail
• Arrests war protesters
• Suspends writ of habeas corpus
• Opposition to Lincoln
• - Copperheads- Peace Democrats
• - Radicals- aggressive war to end slavery

• South
• Confederation of sovereign states
• No power to tax
• Could not interfere with state activities
• Could not interfere with slavery
• Legislative Confederate Congress
• Judicial Supreme Court
• Executive One six year term (Jefferson Davis
  VP Alexander Stephens)

6
Economies

• North
• Wheat 1 export
• Railroad system
• Manufacturing (helped North become wealthy during
  the war)

• South
• Tobacco had little value
• Cotton used only as a bargaining chip
• Food production
• Industrial expansion (Tredegar Iron
  Works-Richmond, VA)
  

7
Raising

• North
• Borrowing sold war bonds to the public
• Taxation income tax, excise tax on whiskey,
  business tax, Morrill Tariff Act- raised import
  duties by 25
  
• Paper Greenbacks
• National Banking Act
• - created and protected
• - Eliminated state banks

• South
• Taxation less than 1
• Loans 150 million in bonds
• Paper - 700 million in currency notes
• Inflation rates
• N 80
• S 9000

8
Advantages

• North
• Population 22 million
• Manufacturing and food production
• Railroad
• Civilian leadership

• South
• Defense of home soil
• Leadership of officers
• Experience with guns and horses
• King Cotton 80 of European cotton came from
  South

9
A War of Firsts

• Railroad
• Ironclad Ships (Monitor and Merrimac)
• Machine Gun
• Repeating Rifles
• Trenches and Fortifications
• Landmines
• Naval torpedoes
• Portable Telegraphs
• Balloon Reconnaissance missions
• 1st US draft
• Use of Black Troops (54th Massachusetts)
• 1st photo
• 1st medal of honor
• led to massive casualties

10
Battles

• Fort Sumter April 12, 1861
• - first shots fired to start the Civil War
• - Symbol of Union power
• result Confederate victory, but united the
  North
  

11
Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

• Union victory capture Richmond, VA
• Picnic Battle
• Thomas Stonewall Jackson turns tide
• Result Confederate victory and proves to Lincoln
  he will need a large well trained army

12
Anaconda Plan-Winfield Scott

• Army of Potomac led by Tardy George McClellan
• Eastern Campaign take Richmond, VA
• Western Campaign Drive Confederacy from
  Mississippi using gunboats split the South
  
• Blockade Confederate coast cut off commercial
  lifeline with Europe

13
Monitor v. Merrimac

• March 1862, off coast of VA near Hampton Roads
• First battle between ironclad ships in American
  history
  
• Result Draw

14
Shiloh

• April 6, 1862
• Ulysses Grant invades western Tennessee in
  February captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
  (Unconditional Surrender Grant)
  
• Ambushed at the crossroads
• Result Union victory and Confederacy unable to
  hold onto Mississippi Valley
  
• Lessons Learned
• 1. Need for divisional commanders, trenches
• and forts
• 2. People give up any hope for a quick victory

15
Naval Blockade

• Spring 1862 David Farragut (N) captures New
  Orleans and Baton Rouge
  
• Result Confederacy only holds onto Vicksburg and
  Port Hudson in the west

16
Peninsula Campaign

• Robert E. Lee (S) prevents McClellan from
  capturing Richmond
  
• Lincoln replaces McClellan with General John
  Pope
  

17
2nd Bull Run

• August 1862
• Lee defeats Pope at Manassas Junction
• Result Confederate victory and Pope replaced by
  McClellan

18
Antietam Turning Point?

• September 17, 1862
• South shifts to offensive strategy
• McClellan finds Lees secret plans
• McClellan cuts Lee off at Sharpsburg, MD near
  Antietam Creek
  
• Bloodiest single day battle in US History
• Result Union victory, McClellan fired and
  replaced by Ambrose Burnside, Britain and France
  postpone recognizing the Confederacy, Lincoln
  issues the Emancipation Proclamation

19
British Neutrality?

• Trent Incident 1861
• British diplomats (James Mason John Sidell)
  captured by Union warship
  
• British send 8,000 troops to Canada
• Confederate Warships Built in England
• Alabama caused 419 million in damage to Union
• Disliked Slavery

20
Lincoln Changes Cause of War

• Bloody Fighting
• Slavery Helped Confederacy War Effort
• Diplomatic Relations with Britain

21
Emancipation ProclamationJan. 1, 1863

• Slaves behind Confederate lines set free
• Broadened base of war
• Gained support from Britain
• Recruitment of African Americans soldiers (54th
  55th regiments)
  

22
Prisons

• Andersonville, GA Confederate
• Camp Douglas (Elmira, NY) - Union

23
Fredericksburg

• Dec. 13, 1862
• Result Ambrose Burnside defeated by
  Confederates
  
• Burnside replaced by Joseph Hooker

24
Chancellorsville

• May 1863
• Stonewall Jackson fatally wounded by one of his
  own men
  
• Result Confederate victory, Hooker replaced by
  George Meade
  
• Lee moves into Pennsylvania

25
Gettysburg

• July 1-3, 1863 Turning Point
• Union Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top
• Confederates Seminary Ridge
• Shoe Battle
• Picketts Charge (General George Pickett)
• Result Union victory, Lee never poses a threat
  to the Union, and Meade is replaced by Ulysses S.
  Grant in March 1864

26
Gettysburg Address

• Nov. 19, 1863
• Lincoln gives speech dedicating a national
  cemetery to the fallen soldiers of Gettysburg (2
  minutes long)

27
Vicksburg

• July 4, 1863
• Result Grant takes Vicksburg, MS cutting the
  Confederacy in half
  
• Named commander of the Union Army
• Butcher Grant

28
Shermans March to the Sea

• Fall 1863 (Tennessee to Savannah, GA)
• William T. Sherman changes the history of modern
  warfare by attacking civilian centers
  
• War is hell. To realize what war is, one
  should follow in our tracks.

29
Lincolns Re-election 1864

• Lincoln (National Union Party)
• VS.
• George McClellan (Democrat)
• Lincoln changes name of Republican Party for more
  support
  
• Re-elected and Andrew Johnson elected VP

30
Lees Surrender

• April 9, 1865
• Appomattox Courthouse Richmond, VA
• Let them have their horses to plow with, and, if
  you like, their guns to shoot crows with. I want
  no one punished.
  
• - President Lincoln

31
Lincolns Assassination

• April 14, 1865
• Shot by John Wilkes Booth while watching the play
  Our American Cousin at Fords Theater
  
• Mourned by all in the country