Psychology

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Psychology

• David G. Myers
• Chapter 11

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Intelligence

•  

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Intelligence

• What is Intelligence and why do we care?

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• A method for assessing an individuals mental
  aptitudes and comparing them with those of
  others, using numerical scores.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Mental Age

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Mental Age-a measure of intelligence test
  performance devised by Binet the chronological
  age that most typically corresponds to a given
  level of performance.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Mental Age-a measure of intelligence test
  performance devised by Binet the chronological
  age that most typically corresponds to a given
  level of performance.
• Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8
  year old is said to have a mental age of 8.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Stanford - Binet

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Stanford Binet the widely used American
  revision of Binets original test.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence Quotient

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence Quotient-the ratio of mental age
  compared to chronological age multiplied by 100.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Army Alpha / Beta

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Army Alpha / Beta
• Almost immediately after the United States
  entered the First World War, a team of
  psychologists headed by Robert M.Yerkes was
  deployed to design group intelligence tests that
  could identify recruits with low intelligence and
  allow the Army to recognize men who were
  particularly well-suited for special assignments
  and officers' training schools.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence Testing
• Army Alpha / Beta
• Almost immediately after the United States
  entered the First World War, a team of
  psychologists headed by Robert M.Yerkes was
  deployed to design group intelligence tests that
  could identify recruits with low intelligence and
  allow the Army to recognize men who were
  particularly well-suited for special assignments
  and officers' training schools.
• http//www.iub.edu/intell/bingham.shtml

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Intelligence

• Intelligence

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Intelligence

• Intelligence
• Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn
  from experience, solve problems, and use
  knowledge to adapt to new situations.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers
• Factor Analysis

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers
• Factor Analysis
• General Intelligence

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers
• Factor Analysis
• General Intelligence
• Savant Syndrome

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers
• Factor Analysis
• General Intelligence
• Savant Syndrome
• Emotional Intelligence

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Myers
• Factor Analysis
• General Intelligence
• Savant Syndrome
• Emotional Intelligence
• Creativity

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Howard Gardner of Harvard has identified seven
  distinct intelligences. This theory has emerged
  from recent cognitive research and "documents the
  extent to which students possess different kinds
  of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform,
  and understand in different ways," according to
  Gardner.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• According to this theory, "we are all able to
  know the world through language,
  logical-mathematical analysis, spatial
  representation, musical thinking, the use of the
  body to solve problems or to make things, an
  understanding of other individuals, and an
  understanding of ourselves.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Where individuals differ is in the strength of
  these intelligences - the so-called profile of
  intelligences -and in the ways in which such
  intelligences are invoked and combined to carry
  out different tasks, solve diverse problems, and
  progress in various domains."

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Visual-Spatial - think in terms of physical
  space, as do architects and sailors. Very aware
  of their environments. They like to draw, do
  jigsaw puzzles, read maps, daydream. They can be
  taught through drawings, verbal and physical
  imagery. Tools include models, graphics, charts,
  photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video,
  videoconferencing, television, multimedia, texts
  with pictures/charts/graphs.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Bodily-kinesthetic - use the body effectively,
  like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body
  awareness. They like movement, making things,
  touching. They communicate well through body
  language and be taught through physical activity,
  hands-on learning, acting out, role playing.
  Tools include equipment and real objects.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Bodily-kinesthetic - use the body effectively,
  like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body
  awareness. They like movement, making things,
  touching. They communicate well through body
  language and be taught through physical activity,
  hands-on learning, acting out, role playing.
  Tools include equipment and real objects.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Musical - show sensitivity to rhythm and sound.
  They love music, but they are also sensitive to
  sounds in their environments. They may study
  better with music in the background. They can be
  taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speaking
  rhythmically, tapping out time. Tools include
  musical instruments, music, radio, stereo,
  CD-ROM, multimedia.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Interpersonal - understanding, interacting with
  others. These students learn through interaction.
  They have many friends, empathy for others,
  street smarts. They can be taught through group
  activities, seminars, dialogues. Tools include
  the telephone, audio conferencing, time and
  attention from the instructor, video
  conferencing, writing, computer conferencing,
  E-mail.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Intrapersonal - understanding one's own
  interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away
  from others. They're in tune with their inner
  feelings they have wisdom, intuition and
  motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence
  and opinions. They can be taught through
  independent study and introspection. Tools
  include books, creative materials, diaries,
  privacy and time. They are the most independent
  of the learners.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Linguistic - using words effectively. These
  learners have highly developed auditory skills
  and often think in words. They like reading,
  playing word games, making up poetry or stories.
  They can be taught by encouraging them to say and
  see words, read books together. Tools include
  computers, games, multimedia, books, tape
  recorders, and lecture.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Logical -Mathematical - reasoning, calculating.
  Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to
  see and explore patterns and relationships. They
  like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic
  questions. They can be taught through logic
  games, investigations, mysteries. They need to
  learn and form concepts before they can deal with
  details.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• http//www.tecweb.org/styles/gardner.html

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• http//www.newhorizons.org/future/Creating_the_Fut
  ure/crfut_gardner.html

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Two more?

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• Two more?
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_over
  view.html

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_over
  view.html
• Naturalist Intelligence the ability to
  discriminate among living things (plants,
  animals) and sensitivity to other features of the
  natural world (clouds, rock configurations). This
  ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary
  past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers it
  continues to be central in such roles as botanist
  or chef.

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Intelligence

• Intelligence per Howard Gardner
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_over
  view.html
• Existential Intelligence the ability and
  proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about
  life, death, and ultimate realities.

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Intelligence

• So what?

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Break!

• Hurry back! Theres lots more to come!

More to come! Really!
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Assessing Intelligence
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Assessing Intelligence

• Aptitude Test

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Assessing Intelligence

• Aptitude Test
• A test designed to predict a persons future
  performance aptitude is the capacity to learn.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Achievement Test

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Assessing Intelligence

• Achievement Test
• A test designed to assess what a person has
  learned.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

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Assessing Intelligence

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• The most widely used intelligence test contains
  verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Standardization

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Assessing Intelligence

• Standardization
• Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
  performance of a pretested standardization
  group.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Standardization
• Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
  performance of a pretested standardization
  group.
• To compare performance to a group, we rely on
  statisticsrecall the Normal Curve!

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Assessing Intelligence

• Normal Curve
• See Page 434, text.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity-the extent that the test samples
  what it claims to sample.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity-the extent that the test samples
  what it claims to sample.
• Criterion

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity-the extent that the test samples
  what it claims to sample.
• Criterion-the behavior that a test is designed to
  predict.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity-the extent that the test samples
  what it claims to sample.
• Predictive Validity
• Criterion-the behavior that a test is designed to
  predict.

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Assessing Intelligence

• Principles of Test Construction
• Reliability-consistently yields the same results.
• Validity-extent to which a measure measures what
  it claims to measure.
• Content Validity-the extent that the test samples
  what it claims to sample.
• Predictive Validity-the success with which a test
  predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
• Criterion-the behavior that a test is designed to
  predict.

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Influences on Intelligence
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Influences on Intelligence

• Genetic Influence

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Influences on Intelligence

• Genetic Influence
• Environmental Influences

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Within Group Variance

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Within Group Variance
• Between Group Variance

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Gender Similarities and Differences

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Question of Bias

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For Next Class

• Read Chapter 15!
• Grab this PowerPoint from drop box or web site
  later, too.

Have a great week! Stay safe.