Charales are the closest relatives to the land plants

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Charales are the closest relatives to the land
plants
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Typical liverwort growth pattern-- note the
dichotomous branching pattern.
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CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF
Marchantia - Archegoniophores- these
umbrella-shaped structures have archegonia
(vessels) containing eggs on the underside of the
cap.
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CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF
Marchantia antheridiophores - these mushroom
shaped structures have antheridia (sperm
producing vessels) on their upper surface.
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Bazzania adnexa
Hymenophyton flabellatum
Liverworts are non-vascular plants
Symphyogyna hymenophyllum
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Marchantia foliacea
Marchantia berteroana
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Marchantia sp.
Gemmae Cups
www2.una.edu/pdavis/bryophytes.htm
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Pores on the upper surface allow for gas exchange.
www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/Bot201/Marchant
ia
www.ksu.edu/organismic/bryophytes.htm
acstaff.bloomu.edu/chamuris/222/images.html
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Qiu, Y, Y. Cho, J.C. Cox and J.D. Palmer. 1998.
The gain of three mitochondrial introns
identifies liverworts as the earliest land
plants. Nature 394 671-674.
3 introns for mosses,hornworts,ferns seed
plants
3 introns - in liverworts and
green algae
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B
A
Two Hypotheses Some evidence (e.g. Qiu et al.
1998 and no stomates) points to the liverworts as
the earliest land plants (A) other evidence
(e.g., sperm structure) points to the hornworts
as the earliest land plants (B).
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4. Liverworts are the first land plants.
5. Tracheophytes shared ancestors with a number
of other non-vascular plant groups.
3. Land plants came from freshwater algae.
2. Land plants are monophyletic.
1. Green plants are monophyletic.
From Kendrick Crane 1997, Nature
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All Green Plants
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All Land Plants
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All Vascular Plants
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2 types of gametes Sperm Egg
Gametophyte (1n)
Spore inside oogonium germinates to form new
gametophyte
Fertiliztion, Zygote (2n) formation, and meiosis
makes 4 spores (1n)
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Fern Life Cycle
Mature Gametophyte
Sporophyte
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Fern Life Cycle
Sporophyte
Spores
Gametophyte
Gametes
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There is a clear trend from a dominant
gametophyte to a dominant sporophyte. Why?
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Coleochaete Chara Liverwort
Hornwort Moss
Lycopod Fern Psilotum
Horsetail Cycad
From Kendrick Crane 1997, Nature