United States of America

1
United States of America

• Early Republic
• Politics, Economics, Society, Culture

2
Challenges to New Country after Winning
Independence

• Social discussed in depth on July 12
• Values of Revolution
• Divided Society
• Virtue and implications of a virtuous society
• Other Challenges
• Political and economic
• Government
• Division, Conflict and Diversity recurring
  themes in society, culture, economy, politics

3
Economic and Political Issues

• Articles of Confederation established a firm
  league of friendship
• No truly national policies
• Financial concerns
• Financed war by printing currency
• Depreciation of currency
• Inflation
• 1781 collapse of monetary system
• Tried to levy federal taxes
• Farmers, merchants, no one happy with this
• Just fought war over taxes

4
Failure of Articles of Confederation

• Could not raise sufficient revenue
• No national commercial policy so did not have
  national power over foreign trade
• Other nations saw weakness in government
• Little control
• State and local government refused to follow
  Treaty of Paris and repay war debts or allow
  loyalists to take back their confiscated land
• Continued conflicts in the western lands
• Calls for new structure of government

5
Constitutional Convention

• Constitutional Convention
• Philadelphia 1787
• James Madison first wrote about the principle of
  checks and balances no part could become too
  powerful in federal government

6
Compromises

• New Jersey and Virginia Plans
• Virginia
• 2 houses of legislature
• lower house elected by people
• upper house appointed by lower house
• Proportional to population
• Favored large states
• New Jersey
• William Paterson led the NJ delegation
• Reform Articles of Confederation
• Each state has equal say and equal votes
• Favored small states gave small states equal
  power

7
Compromise

• House and Senate
• Proportional representation in House
• Equal representation in Senate
• House elected by people
• Senate elected by state legislatures

8
Slavery and the Constitution

• How to decide proportional representation?
• How to count population
• Indians who paid no taxes would be excluded
• Delegates from states with large slave
  populations wanted African and European residents
  counted equally
• Delegates from states with few slaves only wanted
  free people counted

9
Slavery and the Constitution

• Compromise among delegates
• Three-fifths compromise
• Three-fifths of slaves would be included in
  population totals
• P. 186 the formula reflected delegates
  judgment that slaves were less efficient
  producers of wealth than free people, not that
  they were 60 percent human and 40 percent
  property.
• What do you think?

10
Federalist or Antifederalist

• Arguments of both sides
• Federalist
• Anti-Federalist

11
You decide

• How would you vote? Would you vote in favor of
  the Constitution or against it?
• Would you ratify the Constitution or not?
• Why?

12
Constitution

• Constitution is over 200 years old
• Is it still effective?
• Is it still appropriate?
• Why has it survived as long as it has?

13
Bill of Rights

• State conventions called for Bill of Rights
• 10 amendments passed in the states and Bill of
  Rights officially part of the Constitution on
  Dec. 15, 1791
• Diffused Antifederalist opposition and rallied
  support for new government
• Freedom of speech, press, peaceable assembly (1st
  amendment)

14
Transfer of Power

• Peaceful transfer of power
• Washington to John Adams
• Why was this important?
• What symbolic meaning did this event have?
• If this was not peaceful, what may have occurred?
  
• Peaceful transitions of power still a trademark
  of America even in 2000, it was peaceful
  people debated whether it was legal or legitimate
  but it was peaceful

15
Washingtons Farewell Address

• Decided to step down after 2 terms (not a law
  until 1951)
• Asserted 3 principles that guided American
  foreign policy
• To maintain commercial but not political ties to
  other nations
• To enter no permanent alliances
• American Exceptionalism
• Independent action in foreign affairs Americas
  uniqueness

16
Judiciary

• Early years of nation was rather weak
• Supreme Court did not seem like a major power
  compared to Congress and the Presidency
• Refused to review the Alien and Sedition Acts
• Jefferson appointed 3 justices, one was John
  Marshall

17
Marbury v. Madison

• Defined Supreme Court and its power
• Marshall determined that Marbury had a right to
  his judicial appointment but the Court could not
  force Madison to honor request because Court did
  not have power to issue a writ of mandamus
• Supreme Court denied itself the power to issue
  writs
• Established power to judge the constitutionality
  of laws passed by Congress concept of judicial
  review

18
Marshall and the Supreme Court

• What was the significance of the way John
  Marshall ran the Court?
• What impact did his leadership on the Court have?
• Supreme Court became equal branch of government
• Is it really separate when the President
  nominated justices? Is it really separate if any
  President can have the opportunity to nominate
  multiple justices, resulting in a new majority?

19
Growth

• One major issue of the Revolution
• Britain prevented colonists from moving into the
  western lands
• Colonists wanted to move west and settle new
  territories
• With independence, Americans saw a new
  opportunity to explore and settle in western
  lands
• Through your WebQuest projects, we learned about
  many topics of Westward expansion
• Explorations/Lewis and Clark
• Transcontinental Railroad
• Native American Movement West
• Gold Rush and Allure of the West
• Frontier Life
• Manifestations of Manifest Destiny

20
Louisiana Purchase

• In 1803 the US purchased the territory of
  Louisiana from France
• 830,000 square miles of wilderness west of the
  Mississippi River
• The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of
  the United States
• gave the nation control over an abundance of
  natural resources and fertile land
• continued the westward expansion that would
  eventually end at the Pacific Ocean.

21
How did we get all this land?

• In 1802 President Thomas Jefferson sent James
  Monroe and Robert Livingston to France
• Instructed to buy New Orleans and part of West
  Florida in order to ensure U.S. navigation rights
  on the Mississippi River.
• During negotiations, French officials made an
  unexpected offer to sell the entire Louisiana
  Territory
• Although the American diplomats did not have the
  authority to make such a purchase, they agreed to
  buy the land for 15 million.
• President Jefferson approved the acquisition
• some politicians argued that his unilateral
  decision was unconstitutional

22
Louisiana Purchase

• Was it unconstitutional?
• What would you have done if you were one of the
  diplomats sent to France?
• Would you have agreed to buy it?
• Country at time still very unsure and uneasy with
  concept of strong federal government

23
Growth politically, but what about socially

• Were we growing socially as well?
• Social ideas, ideologies, customs, feelings,
  beliefs much more difficult to change than the
  laws or the political system
• Still cruelty, hatred, racism

24
Iron Slave Mask and Collar     Date 1807

• Inhumane treatment
• Chains, leg irons, and other devices were used to
  make escape impossible.
• This engraving depicts an iron mask and collar,
  used by some slaveholders to keep field workers
  from running away and to prevent them from eating
  crops such as sugarcane.
• Fitted securely over the slave's head and locked
  in place, the mask made breathing difficult
  despite ventilation holes. If left on too long,
  moisture would accumulate inside the mask so that
  when it was removed, it would tear away the
  slave's skin.

25
War of 1812 Mr. Madisons War

• Result of continuous conflict over a number of
  issues, including British harassment of U.S.
  shipping
• the United States declared war on Great Britain
  on June 18, 1812.
• The war was marked by military blunders on both
  sides and ended with no important territorial
  transfers.
• The U.S.-Canadian border was one of the main
  fronts of the war.
• American invasions of Canada were repeatedly
  repulsed by the British, and both sides struggled
  to control border forts and the Great Lakes.
• A noted American victory took place at the Battle
  of the Thames, where General William Henry
  Harrison's troops defeated a combined British and
  Indian force on October 5, 1813.

26
Consequences of War of 1812

• Affirmed US Independence - Rise of Nationalism
• Ensured Canadas independence from US
• Conflict over trade and territory with Great
  Britain continued, but never led to war again
• American resolve to stay out of European politics
• Indian resistance largely defeated
• Lead to US expansion south and west into Indian
  territory, not north into Canada
• Exposed concerns about transportation
• Fostered economic growth (as most wars do)
• Racial Ideologies
• Fear of arming slaves in South British army
  recruited slaves
• US offered same deal to slaves in Canada
  Philadelphia African American leaders formed a
  Black Brigade to defend the city

27
Nationalism

• Postwar Nationalism
• Political power shifted away from leaders of
  Revolution
• New generation of political leaders with a
  national outlook
• Nationalist Policies (Madison)
• Military expansion
• National bank
• Improved transportation
• Protective tariff foster manufacturing and
  raise revenue
• Viewed as way to unify country

28
Implications of Nationalism

• Positive
• Rally public support
• Public excitement
• Unify the nation
• Try to heal divisions
• Negative
• Some things get ignored
• Problems are glassed over or pushed beneath the
  surface
• Nationalist ideology could not solve nations
  problems

29
Nationalism and Politics

• Question of constitutionality of building roads
  and canals question of federal authority
• Supreme Court promoted nationalist policies
• Marshall still Chief Justice
• State v. federal jurisdiction of Banks in
  McCullough v. Maryland
• This decision joined nationalism and economics
  forever

30
Nationalism and Foreign Policy

• Monroe Doctrine 1823
• Non-colonization of Western Hemisphere by Europe
• Demanded non-intervention by Europe in affairs of
  Western Hemisphere countries
• Pledged non-interference by America in European
  affairs
• Monroe Doctrine very popular in US
• Foundation of American policy in Western
  hemisphere

31
Nationalism and Economy

• Economic motivations
• Economics plays a large role in everything in
  history, including nationalism
• Nationalism became a focus on the economy as well
• Prior to War of 1812, farmers primarily grew
  crops for themselves
• Exchanged labor and goods with neighbors
• Also traded for goods from other nations
• Local and foreign markets
• NEW!! National Market with rise of nationalism

32
Market Economy

• National Market created a market economy
• Growing crops and producing goods specifically
  for cash and buying items with cash that are
  produced by other people
• Encouraged specialization

33
Market Economy

• Plantations
• Rice, tobacco, sugar or cotton
• Farmers
• Grow only 1 or 2 crops or raise animals for
  market
• Farm women
• Gave up spinning and weaving
• Purchased cloth made by wage-earning girls in
  textile mills
• Non-farm men and women
• Sold their labor for cash instead of goods
• Worked for wages

34
Economy

• Mechanization
• Rise in manufacturing
• Specialization
• Division of labor
• New methods of financing
• Goods and services increased dramatically
• Boom and bust
• Pace of economic growth very uneven

35
Governments Role in Economy

• Conflicting opinions
• Important to see connections between conflicts
  over governmental power and structure still
  exist today
• Similarities to conflicting opinions about powers
  of government during Constitutional debates
• Think back to conflicting ideas of Virtue
• Hard work, self-sacrifice, for public good
• Self-interest, increasing your personal wealth
  will increase wealth of nation and benefit all

36
Economy of Nation

• Rise of Manufacturing
• Textile Mills
• American system of manufacturing focus on
  machines not people
• Interchangeable parts specialization and mass
  production
• Rise of commerce
• Corporations
• Government laws encouraged business enterprise
  and rise of corporations and market economy
• Government had active role in industrial growth
  (active participant even when decides to stay out)

37
Economic Structure

• Impacts lives of workers
• To understand economy, must look at workers and
  labor issues
• The nature of work started to change during this
  time
• Focus shifted from skills of laborer to the
  skills of machine
• Skilled workers devalued
• Rise in unskilled workers
• Need to operate machines day in and day out for
  mass production
• Major change from the artisans and small
  shopkeepers
• By the 1870s, the nature and the meaning of work
  had undergone a massive upheaval from the first
  two decades of the 1800s

38
Life of the Workers

• Routine
• Control
• Bell controlled lives when to eat, sleep, begin
  and stop work
• Lowell Textile Mills
• Young women stayed on-site
• Bells told them when to go to bed, when to wake
  up, when to work
• Factory schedules controlled lives

39
Life of workers

• Young women at the textile mills
• Came with great optimism
• Letters from these workers reveal a sense of
  pride, freedom and independence
• Away from families
• Making own money spent some of it on themselves
  and on recreation
• Most money was sent to families
• Gave them power within their families
• Financial independence and friendships
• Also, long, hard days and grueling conditions

40
Life of Workers

• Primary Document Reading
• A Mill Worker Describes Her Work and Life
• Group discussions