Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae

• Characteristics
• Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Cell Walls made of
  Cellulose, Autotrophic (photosynthetic using
  chlorophyll)

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Adaptations for Survival

• To get water
• root hairs increase surface area
• mycorrhizae increase root surface (absorptive)
  area hold water near roots
• Vascular plants use xylem to transport water to
  stems leaves
• To conserve water
• Waxy coating (cuticle)
• Guard cells close stomata when water is scare
• to reduce transpiration (water loss thru leaves)

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Adaptations for Survival

• To get sunlight
• Leaves are large, flat, and broad
• Leaves arranged on stem
• To exchange gases CO2 O2
• Guard cells control opening closing of stomata
  to maintain homeostasis of gases
• (need CO2 for photosynthesis)
• (need O2 for cellular respiration)

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Adaptations for Survival

• To get nutrients/minerals
• Mycorrhizae help absorption
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (genus Rhizobium) pull
  nitrogen from air so plants can use it
• Phloem moves sugars from photosynthesis from
  leaves to roots

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Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual alternation of generations alternate
  between haploid (n) and diploid (2n) phases
• Sporophyte phase 2n, diploid undergoes meiosis
  ? produces spores (n)
• Gametophyte phase n, haploid produces gametes
  (male-sperm female-eggs)

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Asexual ReproductionMitosis

• Allows for fast reproduction, but NO genetic
  variation can fill an environment quickly, BUT
  if/when environment changes, they may not be able
  to adapt to survive
• From cuttings
• Cut potatoes into sections, each with an eye, new
  plant grows from cutting
• From plantlets
• Cactuses produce clones, drop from mature plant
  to ground, take root
• Strawberries grow new plants from roots
• Horticulturists use graftings

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Nonvascular plants Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
(aka Bryophytes)

• Small, close to ground water
• Have NO vascular tissue (xylem phloem)
• cant pull water up
• Depend on
• Diffusion to transport nutrients
• Osmosis to transport water
• Sperm swim to egg cells
• Reproduction
• alternation of generations

http//dbs.umt.edu/courses/sci226/gifs/images/lab4
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Sporophyte phase
http//www.teara.govt.nz/files/di10639enz.jpg
Gametophyte phase
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Vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

• Have specialized tissue to transport water and
  nutrients
• Xylem transports water from roots to leaves
• xy goes high
• Phloem transports nutrients (glucose) from
  leaves to roots
• phloem falls
• Can grow tall redwoods gt 300 ft.

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• Angiosperms(Anthophyta)
• enclosed seed
• Seed produced inside layer of protective tissue
  (ovary fruit)
• Some flowers have both male female parts
• Pollination by wind or animals (more effective
  than wind pollination)
• Co-evolution
• of animals
• plants for
• pollination

• Gymnosperms(Coniferophyta)
• naked seed
• Seed produced on scales of female cones
• Male cones pollen grains
• Female cones-ovule
• Wind pollinates

http//1.bp.blogspot.com
http//ineedwax.com/PineConeGroup.jpg
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Specialized tissues

• Roots - anchor plants, prevent erosion,
  mutualistic relationships with fungus
  (mycorrhizae) bacteria (nitrogen fixers)
  transport materials, store food
• Stems support, transport (xylem phloem),
  defense system, produce leaves flowers
• Leaves main photosynthetic organs broad,
  flat water conservation guard cells gas
  exchange

Masters of Photosynthesis Sunlight CO2 H2O ?
O2 C6H12O6
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Plant growth

• Meristems grow forever
• Unspecialized cells mitosis makes new cells
  ready for differentiation
• Found in places of rapid growth
• stem root tips
• apical meristem grow at tip
• (apex)

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Root cap protects apical meristem on root (tender
cells) excretes slippery substance to allow
root to ease through soil
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Plant development (in angiosperms)

• Flowers exist to bring gametes together protect
  zygote and embryo
• Male gametophyte-pollen Female ovule
• Pollination? Fertilization ?
• Zygote Endosperm ?
• Embryo Endosperm (seed) ? Germination ?
  Seedling ? Mature plant

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Water Transport

• Active transport proteins in root cells
  transport ions of nutrients into root
• Now water in root cells is less concentrated than
  outside (concentration gradient) water moves
  into roots by osmosis
• Root pressure (waterproof strip prevents
  backflow) pushes water up into plant
• Xylem tissue transports water to leaves
• Transpiration water loss through leaves (pulls
  water up in plant)

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Regulation hormones

• Hormone chemical signals that affect
• growth, activity, development
• To respond, must have receptors (proteins to
  which hormones bind)
• Auxins regulatory substances produced by tips
  of growing plant
• Stimulation cell elongation new root growth
• Cells on shaded side with more auxin elongate
  bend shoot toward light
• Cytokinins produce effects opposite of auxins

http//image3.examiner.com/images
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Hormones

• Gibberellins stimulates growth, promotes
  germination, may cause dramatic increases in size
• Abscisic Acid opposite effects of gibberellins
• Ethylene gas stimulates fruits to ripen causes
  leaves to seal off and drop in autumn

http//image3.examiner.com/images
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Tropisms how plants respond to stimuli

• Phototropism grow toward light
• Gravitropism stems grow away from ground, roots
  grow toward ground
• Thigmotropism respond to touch vines,
  tendrils
• Rapid response sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica),
  Venus flytrap close leaves by osmotic pressure
  changes

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http//www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/36/imag
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http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Tropisms/g
ravitropism/Gravitropism_MC.jpg
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http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d
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http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12
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