Wireless Communications Presentation 4

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Wireless CommunicationsPresentation 4

• Review of link Equations
• Satellite Overview by Dr. Nocedal
• The Promise of WiMax
• Bridging the Digital Divide
• Project Discussions

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Link Equation for Power
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Link Equation For Noise
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Antenna Equations
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Link Equation in dB Terms
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A perspective of the Satcom Industry

• Fernando Nocedal
• Vitacom
• Stanford, Sep 30 2005

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Overview

• Market info capacity, vendors, applications
• Satellite Operators examples
• Earth Station Products
• Systems Engineering Aspects
• VSAT networks for Rural Applications
• Examples in Latin America the Vitacom experience

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Satellite Operators

• Regional
• Asiasat
• Eutelsat
• Hispasat
• Arabsat
• Palapa
• Telesat-Anik
• Satmex
• Star One (Brazil)
• China
• Korea, Thai, India.

• Global
• Intelsat
• Panamsat
• SES
• Loral
• NewSkies

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(from Futron)
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(from Futron)
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Consolidation

• Operators
• Intelsat announced its buying Panamsat Aug 2005
• Still to be approved
• Combined company would dominate intl market (55
  satellites)
• Americom - GE - SES
• Larger Operators are getting larger
• Smaller Operators survivability

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• C-Band 19 active transponders, with EIRP of up
  to 41 dBW.

FREQUENCY PLAN C-Band
March 2005
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Ku-Band
FREQUENY PLAN Ku Band
March 2005
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Profitability in the SATCOM Market (by Futron)
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Products for Networking

• Network Architectures
• Mesh / STAR / hybrid
• Fixed/ demand/ random access
• Applications
• Mobile services video, data, voice
• Building Blocks
• Antenna
• RF (transceiver) LNA
• Modem
• Router/encoder

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Vitacom (1)

• Started as Vitalink in 1980
• Satcom products for Data networks in the USA
• Expanded to Latin America in 1987
• Provided first private networks in Lat AM
• Shift from equipment manufacturing to service
  provider mid 1990s
• Teleport in Mtn View to cover LAT AM
• Products conventional scpc, plus integrated
  TDMA solutions, IP applications

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Vitacom (2)

• Produces proprietary transceivers C- and Ku-Band
• Subsidiary in China (equipment only)
• Service operations in MV, Mexico and Colombia
• Main service internet via Satellite, private
  nets
• Main Market Latin America
• Sectors
• a) Corporate International energy, finance, mfg
• b) Education
• c) ISPs and carriers
• d) Rural comms

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Satmex 5 (116.8 W) EIRP Region KU-2 Odd
Xponder (Pol. Ver/Hor)
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20
Latitude N (Degrees)
0
-20
-40
120
100
60
80
40
Longitude W (Degrees)
SATMEX PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
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Satmex 5 C-Band
EIRP 39 dBW SFD -92 dBW/m2 G/T -2 dB/K
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EIRP Satmex 6 C-Band
C-3 Continental EIRP 38 dBW SFD -98
dBW/m2 G/T -3.0 dB/K
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DLSN (Puerto Rico)

• Distance Learning Saltellite Network
• Funded by No Child Left Behind project
• Provides video conferencing, internet, data
  transfer and Video broadcast capabilities to 100
  training centers of the Dept. of Education of PR
• DLSN is geared toward training the educators and
  the students
• Promotes interaction between groups
• Hub facility (Linkstar TDMA platform) is in Mtn
  View
• Separate project in PR provides basic internet
  to 1500 schools (not by Vitacom)

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DLSN (Puerto Rico) 2

• Technology used
• Satcom network by ViaSat Linkstar
• DVB-TDM outbound 7Mbps
• Several inbounds at 650kbps TDMA
• VCON video conferencing
• Separate one way video broadcast 3Mbps
• Approx 12MHz for 100 nodes, i.e. 120kHz per node
  (excludes video bdcast)
• Terminals 1.8m antenna, 2W BUCs, IDU, IRD, VCON

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Systems Engineering Aspects

• Modem Performance Improvements
• Higher Level modulation
• QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM
• (bandwidth efficiency)
• High Coding gain Encoding
• (power effciency)
• Transponder Resource Mgmnt
• Optimization of satellite capacity

• C vs Ku vs Ka band
• Rain attenuation
• Terminal size
• BW cost
• coordination
• Antenna Size
• Small antenna reduces terminal cost but increases
  recurring cost
• Small antenna easy to transport and install but
  reduces link availability

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Internet via Satellite

• Thin route
• Based on Linkstar TDMA product. Ku Band
• Many combos downstream/upstream
• 128kbps/32kbps to 1Mbps/512kbps various levels of
  CIR
• From 80/mo to 2,000/mo
• IP applications voice, data, surfing
• Terminal cost around 2K
• BW Sizing and Costing is a major task!!

• Thick Route (backbone)
• SCPC/SCPC asymmetrical
• Cband for higher reliability
• DVB down with SCPC up
• DVB down one way (terr return)
• Typical data rates
• 256k, 512k, 2Mbps, 8Mbps
• Pricing around 2K/mo/Mbps
• Terminal Cost 10K and up

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Rural Internet Mexico

• e-Mexico
• 2000 nodes, phase 1 (Interdirec-Linkstar)
• Basic internet access only
• 40MHz available (20 kHz /node)
• Subsidized satellite BW
• Poor performance network saturation
• Phase 2 awarded to Telmex (Hughes technology)
• Is it self-sustainable ?

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Rural Internet Colombia

• COMPARTEL
• Various stages (4,000 nodes)
• Gilat awarded most of the initial phase
• Comsat and Andinet stage B
• Phase 2 recently out for bids
• Interesting formula
• Government grants regulatory license to winner
• Winner operates network, collects, etc
• Performance specifications need to be met
• Winner is that who requeires the smallest
  subsidy

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Rural Internet

• Internet kiosks for public use
• If telephony offered on top, it adds significant
  value, but demands much more BW
• Cyber Café very common in Lat Am
• Use of Consumer Products in this market distorts
  prices and produces disappointments
• Combine Satcom WiFi to provide wider coverage
• Overall Economics
• Incumbent Telcos Reaction

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WiMax Network Projections

• E Katz
• D Labunsky

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Wireless Network

• Central hub supports multiple users using
  multiple applications, mostly Internet and VoIP
  telephony

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Assumptions

• Assume that the major differences between WiFi
  and WiMax are
• Software
• Power levels allowed (ERP)
• This implies that most of the hardware required
  for a WiMax network will eventually be priced
  comparably to that required by a WiFi network
  today, with the exception of antennae and some
  physical infrastructure

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More assumptions

• We will limit our analysis to the last mile
  network, i.e. we assume local availability of
• Power
• A high place to put the antenna
• Some high bandwidth internet access (i.e. fiber
  optic, satellite ground station, WiMax Backhaul,
  etc.)
• Customers wanting internet service will need
  computers. We do not require high performance,
  however, and could easily make do with obsolete
  systems, donated by industrialized nations

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Access Point

• Assuming WiMax CPE will be priced comparably to
  WiFi equipment available today
• Wireless router/access point
• Linksys WRTP54G-ER Wireless-G 54Mbps Broadband
  Router with Earthlink VoIP Service - 39.99
• Linksys WRT54GL Wireless-G Linux Router - 59.99
• Linksys WRTP54G Wireless-G Vonage VoIP Router -
  59.99
• Wireless Access Point
• Linksys WAP54G Wireless-G Access Point -
  79.99
• Netgear WG602 54Mbps Wireless Access Point -
  79.99
• D-Link DWL-2100AP 108Mbps Wireless Access Point
  w/ SNMP AES - Price 99.99

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Local Transceiver Antennae

• Assumed to be at about 16 dB Gain
• Assumed to run in the 2.4-2.5 GHz range
• Good transmission, relatively low attenuation
• In the US , there is an amateur band at 900 MHz
  2.4 GHz

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Andrews Corporation2.4-2.5GHz 17dBi Grid Ant

• 17 dBi (mid)N Male
• Die cast grid antenna is manufactured with
  magnesium alloy, stainless steel and aluminum.
  Weighs 33 less than aluminum antennas with no
  rust.
• Max Wind 140 MPH
• List106.00
• Gold68.90

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More Antennae
 
 

• 13 dBi (mid)
• N Female Flat panel 60 degree sector antenna.
  Lightweight and rugged. Standard antenna mounts.
• List595.00
• Gold422.45  317.63
• 14.0 dBi (mid)
• N Female Lightweight and rugged Spread
  Spectrum/ISM band parabolic antenna. Mount
  provides fine adjustment of azimuth and
  elevation. Radome is included
• List450.00
• Gold297.00

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Customer Premise Equipment- PCI Cards

• Notebook Mobile Adapters
• Netgear WN511T RangeMax Next Wireless N PC-Card
  Notebook Adapter - Price 99.99
• Linksys WPC54G 54Mbps Wireless-G PC Notebook
  Adapter - Price 49.99
• Buffalo CB-G54HP PC-Card AirStation High Power
  Wireless Notebook Adapter - Price 49.99
• Wireless PCI Card Adapters
• Linksys WMP54GS Wireless-G PCI Card with
  SpeedBooster - Price 59.99
• D-Link DWL-G510 54Mbps Wireless-G PCI Card -
  19.99
• Netgear WG311 54Mbps Wireless-G PCI Adapter for
  Desktop Computers - Price 39.99

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Customer Premise Equipment- VoIP Phones

• Direct-to-LAN phones
• Hitachi IP-5000 - Hitachi-Cable Wireless
  IPC-5000 WiFi SIP VoIP Wireless phone 299.95
• Phones With PC Base Stations
• Grandstream GXP-2000 - 78.95
• Grandstream Budgetone GS-101 Black SIP IP Phone
  37.99 
• KeySpan VP-24A Cordless VoIP Phone (Skype) 66.99
  

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VoIP for Existing Cell phonesOne Example is
TruPhone

• TruPhone
• Software provider
• TruPhone Software makes VoIP calls from any LAN
• Requires a phone compatible with TruPhone
  Software
• Nokia's E-series and N-series phones
• Calling landlines in other countries from their
  mobile (from US)
• UK 3.2c/min
• China 3.2c
• Mexico City 3.6c
• Japan 5.5c
• Calling international mobiles(from US)
• India 18.4c/min
• UK mobiles 23.1c
• China mobiles 3.3c
• Japan mobiles 24.0c

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A sample system- A WiMax point serves N
computer/phone stations

• Linksys WRT54GL Wireless-G Linux Router (
  59.99)
• Andrews Grid Antenna (106.00)
• D-Link DWL-G510 54Mbps Wireless-G PCI Card -
  (N19.99)
• Grandstream Budgetone GS-101 Black SIP IP Phone
  (N37.99)
• Donated PC (0) 
• Total 165.99 N57.98
• Let N 10 Stations, Total cost 745.79

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Bridging the Digital Divide
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The Digital Divide

• The differential access to computers, Internet,
  telecommunications, and information in society.
• Typically characterized along the variables of
  income, education, race, age, ethnicity,
  disability and geography.

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The Digital Divide

• Digital Divide refers to the unequal access to
  knowledge, training, job opportunities, useful
  digital content, practices of the information
  economy, resources and so on.
• The divide is not only a technological but also a
  socio-economic and political problem.

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The Digital Divide
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The Digital Divide

• In the Human Resource Development report of 1999,
  Kofi Annan mentioned the Digital Divide as a
  source of growing inequality in the world and
  committed the UN to bridge this divide.
• - Nicholas Negroponte and
• UN secretary general Kofi Annan
• unveil the 100 laptop.
• (November 2005)

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The Problems

• Governance
• Literacy / Social Facilitation
• Service / Access Provision
• Content / Services
• Software Tools
• Devices
• Carriage Facilities

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The structure of the Solution
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ICT as the Solution to the Digital Divide Problem

• Most Information and Communication Technology
  initiatives provide a cost effective method of
  bridging the Digital Divide.
• The projects are generally the combined effort of
  the Government, Academia, NGO, Media, Community
  and CSR and Individual initiatives.

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Key Questions

• Is bridging the Digital Divide worth the effort
  and the outcome?
• Can the poor and illiterate use new technologies?

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POV (What critics say)
It Stinks!

• The cost of creating a working Internet
  Connection in a developing nation is the same as
  that of providing immunization against 6 fatal
  childhood diseases to thousands of children.
• The introduction of ICT into communities
  otherwise unchanged will merely heighten existing
  inequalities.

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POV (What BoP consumers say)

• I used to think the Internet was just for people
  working in offices, but I now realize it is also
  very useful for religious leaders and their
  communities. I know that many good things have
  been done by Americans in Mali. Now I am
  discovering that the same is true throughout the
  world. With the Internet, I can find information
  for the preaching I do on Fridays, and I can
  help other Moslems understand whats going on in
  the world. Im connected." - Imam Korobara (Mali)

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Snippets

• Poor, rural women in Bangladesh use GSM cell
  phones, despite having no prior experience with
  phones of any type. Many of the Grameen Telecom
  village phone entrepreneurs, despite their
  illiteracy, have memorized country codes and
  proudly help customers call anywhere in the
  world.
• Telecenters in El Salvador operated by
  Infocentros provide Internet conferencing to poor
  businessmen to negotiate sales of their crops.

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Snippets

• In Andhra Pradesh (India), SKS introduced Palm
  Pilots with smart cards as bank passbooks and
  issued them to the village womenfolk.
• The promising feedback led SKS to believe it
  would be able to scale up operations in the near
  future.

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Snippets

• In Kenya, NairoBits is successfully training slum
  teenagers to be Web page designers.
• In an experiment in coastal villages in India,
  local women were trained in less than a week to
  use a PC to interpret real-time satellite images
  of the concentration of schools of fish in the
  Arabian Sea, and could successfully direct their
  husbands to the right spots to catch fish.

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Snippets

• The M.S. Swaminathan Pondicherry Project,
  provides info-kiosks to provide farmers with
  information about agriculture. These info-kiosks
  were also, rather surprisingly, used to get
  information about government programs.
• In Gujrat, India, automated butterfat assessment
  equipment is used by the dairies, which has
  radically simplified the process of evaluating
  milk and paying dairy farmers.

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Reasons for Failure of ICT Projects

• Friction with Government Society.
• Financial sustainability, Cost Recovery.
• Lack of Standardization of codes.
• Unavailability of locally relevant content.
• Credibility Concerns.
• Commercial Funding.
• Impact of technical decisions.

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Case Study
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Grameen Telecom - Bangladesh

• One of the least wired counties with 97 of homes
  lacking telephones.
• Grameen Bank (a micro finance institution) formed
  2 entities
• Grameen Telecom A non profit organization which
  provides phones services in rural areas as an
  income generating activity for members of the
  Grameen Bank.
• Grameen Phone Ltd. A for profit organization
  which has come to be the dominant mobile carrier
  of the country.

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Grameen Telecom Business Model

• Accomplishes simultaneous generation of income
  and connectivity.
• GB approves financing of a phone, GT provides
  cellular subscription, the connection, hardware
  and training.
• The initiative has a shared access business
  model which creates high returns, thus keeping
  the project in momentum.
• Repayment rates for Grameen Bank are 90-95.

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Results and Benefits

• 213,000 village phones in 65,000 villages. (2005)
• Revenue per phone per month 93 USD. (2001)
• Secondary benefit is the employment and
  enhancement of status of Women since 95 of the
  phone operators are female.

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Grameen Telecom - Hurdles

• Most VP equipped villages are situated at the
  outer edges of the GSM cells resulting in signal
  fluctuations, dropped calls, revenue loss and
  customer dissatisfaction.
• Problem countered by introduction of external
  High Gain Antenna, which also extends coverage
  for VP operation without further investment in
  network expansion.
• Technologies like FWT and WLL are being
  considered as other solutions for extended
  coverage with good quality but set up costs are
  high.

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Grameen Telecom - Hurdles

• GP is experimenting towards finding cost
  effective ways (like the Mast Head Amplifier
  based BTS) to increase coverage in the rural
  area.
• Power for charging the battery is another
  problem. There are villages with network
  coverage, but without electricity. The number of
  such villages increases as with the distance from
  Dhaka city. Solar panel and DC batteries have
  been tested as alternatives.

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Grameen Telecom - Hurdles

• All the solutions of the present problems, i.e.
  extended antenna, solar panel, DC battery
  increases the start up cost, which is funded by
  GB branch. This results in increase of weekly
  installment for the operator. On the other hand,
  new BTS or MHA will increase the cost on the
  network operators. An optimum balance must be
  found.

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In the pipeline

• Educ. AR Argentina
• TARAHaat India
• ITAFE (World Economic Forum)
• Hole in the Wall Project
• Reusable PCs
• Low Cost PCs