The Players:

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• The Players
• Agencies
• Stakeholders
• Legislative Bodies

Course Website
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Organic Act (Congress) Regulations (within
agencies)
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Organic Act (Congress) Regulations (within
agencies) Lobbying at both levels
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Organic Act (Congress) Regulations (within
agencies) Lobbying at both levels, within
agencies may be by invitation through Advisory
Committees
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U.S. Forest Service
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U.S. Forest Service

• Response to destructive logging

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U.S. Forest Service

• Response to destructive logging
• 1891 Forest Reserves Act (authorized President to
  withdraw forest reserves)

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U.S. Forest Service

• Response to destructive logging
• 1891 Forest Reserves Act (authorized President to
  withdraw forest reserves)
• 1897 Forest Protection Act (provided for
  management but limited purposes to producing
  timber and protecting water supplies

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Historic Accident Bureau of Forestry in USDA
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• Historic Accident
• Bureau of Forestry in USDA (advisory but
  talent, such as Gifford Pinchot)

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• Historic Accident
• Bureau of Forestry in USDA (advisory but
  talent, such as Gifford Pinchot)
• 1905. Forest Reserves, from USDI to USDA
• Renamed to U.S. Forest Service

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Rider eliminated Presidents authority for
creating National Forests
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Rider eliminated Presidents authority for
creating National Forests Roosevelt created
another 16 million acres before signing
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• USFS
• began with narrow mandate

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• USFS
• began with narrow mandate
• broadened to multiple use (recreation,
  wildlife, water, grazing, timber)

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• USFS
• began with narrow mandate
• broadened to multiple use (recreation,
  wildlife, water, grazing, timber)
• initiated formal wilderness

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• National Park Service
• 1872 - Yellowstone

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• National Park Service
• 1872 - Yellowstone
• 1890 - Sequoia, General Grant, Yosemite

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• National Park Service
• 1872 - Yellowstone
• 1890 - Sequoia, General Grant, Yosemite
• 1899 - Mount Rainier

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• National Park Service
• 1872 - Yellowstone
• 1890 - Sequoia, General Grant, Yosemite
• 1899 - Mount Rainier
• 1906 - Antiquities Act (National Monuments)

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NPS organic act, 1916 ... to conserve the
scenery and natural and historic objects and the
wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment
of same in such manner and by such means as will
leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future
generations.
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• Dual mandate
• protect natural scenic wonders

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• Dual mandate
• protect natural scenic wonders
• make them available for public enjoyment

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Emphasis has shifted back forth
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Emphasis has shifted back forth Early NPS
Directors were promoters (and not alone in this)
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• Emphasis had shifted back forth
• Early NPS Directors were promoters (and not alone
  in this)
• Sierra Club
• Wilderness Society
• American Forestry Association

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Railroads, especially Great Northern
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Fish Wildlife Service
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Fish Wildlife Service

• birds.

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Fish Wildlife Service

• birds.
• 90 million acres (13 million in lower 48

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Fish Wildlife Service

• birds.
• 90 million acres (13 million in lower 48
• emphasis on something to shoot

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• Priboloff Islands - fur seals
• 1903 - Pelican Island (Florida)

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• Priboloff Islands - fur seals
• 1903 - Pelican Island (Florida)
• 51 refuges by 1909

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• Priboloff Islands - fur seals
• 1903 - Pelican Island (Florida)
• 51 refuges by 1909
• migratory bird treaties

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• Priboloff Islands - fur seals
• 1903 - Pelican Island (Florida)
• 51 refuges by 1909
• migratory bird treaties
• 1934 - Duck Stamp

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• Priboloff Islands - fur seals
• 1903 - Pelican Island (Florida)
• 51 refuges by 1909
• migratory bird treaties
• 1934 - Duck Stamp
• Acts of 1966 and 1997

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• BLM
• 1946 combining of General Land Office and
  Grazing Service

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• BLM
• 1946 combining of General Land Office and
  Grazing Service
• Custodian of leftovers, pending final dispoal

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• BLM
• 1946 combining of General Land Office and
  Grazing Service
• Custodian of leftovers, pending final dispoal
• No champion

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• 1964 - Directed by Wilderness Act to examine
  for wilderness suitability

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• 1964 - Directed by Wilderness Act to examine
  for wilderness suitability
• 1976 - Organic Act (finally)

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• 1964 - Directed by Wilderness Act to examine
  for wilderness suitability
• 1976 - Organic Act (finally)
• Ideological shift from Clinton to Bush
  administrations

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association
• 1886/1905 - Audubon Society

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association
• 1886/1905 - Audubon Society
• 1892 - Sierra Club (John Muir)

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association
• 1886/1905 - Audubon Society
• 1892 - Sierra Club (John Muir)
• 1922 - Izaac Walton League

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association
• 1886/1905 - Audubon Society
• 1892 - Sierra Club (John Muir)
• 1922 - Izaac Walton League
• 1935 - Wilderness Society

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Conservation Groups

• 1874 - American Forestry Association
• 1886/1905 - Audubon Society
• 1892 - Sierra Club (John Muir)
• 1922 - Izaac Walton League
• 1935 - Wilderness Society
• 1950 - The Nature Conservancy (purchase and hold
  land for agencies)

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• Echo Park Controversy
• Bureau of Reclamation dam for Green River

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• Echo Park Controversy
• Bureau of Reclamation dam for Green River
• Combined opposition power

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• Echo Park Controversy
• Bureau of Reclamation dam for Green River
• Combined opposition power
• Lost Glen Canyon

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Opposition Groups

• Timber
• Mining
• Grazing
• Water
• Recreation
• Business

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Allocation increasingly difficult. All there is
is not enough!
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• Decision making
• Congress - horse-trading

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• Decision making
• Congress - horse-trading
• U.S. as democracy?

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• Decision making
• Congress - horse-trading
• U.S. as democracy?
• NEPA public involvement

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• Decision making
• Congress - horse-trading
• U.S. as democracy?
• NEPA public involvement
• Sandwich model

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Technical
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Value Choice
Technical
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Technical
Value Choice
Technical