Personality

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Chapter 15

• Personality

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Chapter 15 Roadmap

• Three Major Schools of Personality
• Freud, Freudians, and Neo-Freudians
• Behaviorism
• Humanist or Third Force
• Tests, Testing, and Factor Analysis

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But, first, try this test

• Keirsey
• (http//www.keirsey.com/)

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Freud (p. 597) Generally

• Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of
  unconscious processes
• First book was The Interpretation of Dreams
• Initially used Hypnosis
• Focused on Free Association

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Freud (p. 597) Generally

• Freuds First Book was
• a.      Beyond Freedom and Dignity
• b.      The Varieties of Religious Experience
• c.      Games People Play
• d.      The Interpretation of Dreams

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Freud (p. 597) Generally

• Developed Psychoanalysis
• Writings encompass 24 volumes (the size of a set
  of Encyclopedia)
• Affected our day-to-day language (i.e. a
  Freudian Slip)
• Initially used Hypnosis
• Focused on Free Association

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Hypnosis

• Initially developed (possibly discovered) by
  Franz Mesmer
• Used by Freud during his early period but then
  discarded
• Revived by Milton Erickson
• Associated today with NLP and similar therapies
  (See, Also, Chapter 7)

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Hypnosis

• Names Associated with Hypnosis
• a.      Mesmer, Skinner, Bandura
• b.      Mesmer, Freud, Erickson
• c.      Mesmer, Freud, Adler
• d.      Freud, Adler, Bandura

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Free Association

• A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly
  unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
  memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever
  came to their minds (free association) in order
  to tap the unconscious.

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Dream Analysis

• Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is
  through interpreting manifest and latent contents
  of dreams.

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Dream Analysis

• 1  Freud interpreted the following kind of
  content in dreams
• Operant and respondent
• Latent and Manifest
• Unconscious and Pre-Conscious
• Shadow and Persona

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Psychoanalysis

• The process of free association (chain of
  thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing
  unconscious memories. Once these memories are
  retrieved and released (treatment
  psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

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Psychoanalysis Huh?

• The process of free association (chain of
  thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing
  unconscious memories. Once these memories are
  retrieved and released (treatment
  psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

Is that really true?
What about quitting smoking?
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Freud (p. 597) Structure of Mind

• Structure of Mind Unconscious, Pre-Conscious,
  and Conscious
• Conscious Mind Ordinary Waking Consciousness
  (what we call Beta and maybe Alpha)
• Pre-Conscious Hypnosis, Dreams, Free
  Association (Alpha and Theta also REM)
• Unconscious completely inaccessible except via
  the Pre-Conscious

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Freud (p. 598) Structure of Personality

• Structure of Mind Id, Ego, SuperEgo
• Id Pleasure Principle (Primitive)
• SuperEgo Conscience Socially Oriented
• Ego balances conflicts between the Id SuperEgo

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Freud (p. 598) Structure of Personality

• According to Sigmund Freud, the structure of the
  personality is
• a.      Parent, Child, and Adult
• b.      Id, Ego, and SuperEgo
• c.      Shadow, Persona, and Anima/Animus
• d.      Reciprocal determinism

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Freud (p. 598) Structure of Personality

• According to Sigmund Freud, the Id (a portion of
  the unconscious) is driven by
• a.      Reinforcement
• b.      Inferiority
• c.      The Pleasure Principle
• d.      Reciprocal determinism

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Freud and Literature
What would Freud think of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde could this be a bonus question?
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Structure of Personality
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Freud (p. 598) Structure of Personality

• Structure of Mind Id, Ego, SuperEgo
• Ego balanced conflicts between the Id
  SuperEgo result in conscious thoughts
• Unresolved conflicts remain repressed in the
  Unconscious but emerge via defense mechanisms
• Unresolved conflicts may also be latent in the
  manifest images of dreams (and the
  pre-conscious)

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Freud (p. 600) Defense Mechanisms

• Repression (underlies all other defense
  mechanisms unresolved conflicts remain in
  unconscious)
• Regression retreat to an earlier state classic
  example curling into a fetal position also
  acting like a 3 year old

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Freud (p. 600) Defense Mechanisms

• Projection Attributes condition to others (The
  thief thinks everyone else is a thief.)
• Rationalization self-justifying explanations to
  hide from ourselves the real reasons for our
  actions.

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Freud (p. 600) Defense Mechanisms

• Displacement diverts unacceptable impulses
  toward an object or person that is more
  acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings
• Problem with Freuds Defense Mechanisms
  Falsifiability

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Freud (p. 600) Psychosocial Development
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Freud Treatment of Patients

• Dream Analysis
• Free Association
• Hypnosis
• Psychoanalysis

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Freud Treatment of Patients

• Which of the following is NOT a technique Freud
  would have used for treatment
• a. Dream Analysis
• b. Free Association
• c. The Pleasure Principle
• d. Psychoanalysis

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Freud Treatment of Patients

• Which of the following is NOT a technique Freud
  would have used for treatment
• a. Dream Analysis
• b. Free Association
• c. The Pleasure Principle
• d. Psychoanalysis

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Neo-Freudians

• Early Neo-Freudians
• Jung
• Adler
• Other Neo-Freudians
• Anna Freud
• Karen Horney
• Eric Berne

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Neo Freudians

• Carl G Jung (Young)

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Carl Jung

• Early Student of Sigmund Freuds
• Medical Doctor (Physician)
• Famous for his defection from Freud (though Adler
  split first)
• Lifelong Animosity with Freud afterwards
• Refer to Quote on p. 163

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Carl Jung

• Jung focused on the interaction of the individual
  with society at large
• Key Concept Collective Unconscious
• Key Concept Archetypes

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Carl Jung Collective Unconscious

• Jung believed that in addition to Freuds idea of
  a personal unconscious that we have a
  collective unconscious
• The Collective Unconscious contains symbols
  common, or universal, to all human beings
• These universal symbols he called archetypes

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Carl Jung Collective Unconscious

• Jung believed that the development of a person,
  psychosocial development, was based not only on
  the Personal Unconscious but the Collective
  Unconscious
• Jung identified a series of archetypes such as
  mandalas heroes
• Jung also believed that we contain a perfect
  male (the animus) and perfect female (the
  anima) in our unconscious

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Carl Jung Animus and Anima

• According to Jung, we all see to form a bond with
  our Animus or Anima, but are invariably
  disappointed when the person we choose for a mate
  is not perfect in the way that our Animus /
  Anima is perfect
• Some people settle for a person similar to
  their Animus / Anima
• Others are never find a mate they can accept

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Carl Jung Persona

• Jung also believed that we all wear a mask
  derived from our Archetypes
• Jung called this mask the persona.
• The persona is who we present to the world
• Some people believe they are their persona, but
  others do not

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Carl Jung Shadow

• Jung also believed that we have an amoral part of
  our personality, similar to the Id, called the
  shadow
• Jung believed that societies that repress the
  shadow too much will express it in particularly
  extreme ways (his example was Nazi Germany)
• Jung believed that activities such as masquerade
  balls and carnivals usually provided a safe
  release for the shadow side

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Carl Jung

• 4. According to Carl Gustav Jung, we have an
  amoral part of our personality called
• a. The Animus and Anima
• b. The Shadow
• c. The Persona
• d. The Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung

• 4. According to Carl Gustav Jung, we have an
  amoral part of our personality called
• a. The Animus and Anima
• b. The Shadow
• c. The Persona
• d. The Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung

• 4. According to Carl Gustav Jung, as part of our
  personality, the mask that we present to the
  world is called
• a. The Animus and Anima
• b. The Shadow
• c. The Persona
• d. The Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung

• 4. According to Carl Gustav Jung, as part of our
  personality, the mask that we present to the
  world is called
• a. The Animus and Anima
• b. The Shadow
• c. The Persona
• d. The Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung Controversial Topics

• Jung studied a number of controversial topics
  from the standpoint of his model of the psyche

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Carl Jung Controversial Topics

• Dreams
• Art
• Religion
• Mythology

• Alchemy
• Astrology
• UFOs

Jung believed all these things, and more, could
be explained in terms of the collective
unconscious, archetypes, and unconscious desires
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Carl Jung Archetypes and Mythology

• Modern Students of Mythology speak in terms of
  Archetypes
• Joseph Campbell based The Hero with A Thousand
  Faces on the concept of a archetypal journey
• Many artists have based their work on Campbells
  book, and Archetypes, notably George Lucas and
  Star Wars
• Darth Vader was probably an example of the
  shadow expressed in an extreme way

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Neo-Freudians

• Early Neo-Freudians
• Jung
• Adler
• Other Neo-Freudians
• Anna Freud
• Karen Horney
• Eric Berne

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Neo-Freudians

• Alfred Adler

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Alfred Adler

• Best known for his development of complexes in
  the unconscious

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Alfred Adler

• The inferiority complex is the best known of
  these

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Alfred Adler

• Believe that children, and later adults, struggle
  to overcome inferiority (called compensation)
• Much growth is socially based rather than purely
  based in unconcious motives
• Struggles to overcome inferiority that become
  blocked lead to complexes

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Alfred Adler

• First to split from Freud
• Forerunner of Family Therapy
• Thought to have influenced
• Rollo May
• Victor Frankl
• Abraham Maslow
• Albert Ellis

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Alfred Adler

• One of the three co-founders of depth
  psychology (based on the unconcious)

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Alfred Adler

• Which of the following is NOT a co-founder of
  depth psychology
• a.      Freud
• b.      Jung
• c.      Maslow
• d.      Adler

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Alfred Adler

• Which of the following is NOT a co-founder of
  depth psychology
• a.      Freud
• b.      Jung
• c.      Maslow
• d.      Adler

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Alfred Adler

• Mental Health Prevention
• Inferiority, Superiority, and Compensation
• Birth Order and Family Constellation

• Life Style
• Fictional Finalism

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Alfred Adler Fictional Finalism

• Unlike Freud, Adler believed that we reach
  toward some final goals in life these include
  sub-goals

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Alfred Adler Fictional Finalism

• For example, in anorexia nervosa the fictive
  final goal is to "be perfectly thin"
  (overcompensation on the basis of a feeling of
  inferiority).

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Neo-Freudians

• Early Neo-Freudians
• Jung
• Adler
• Other Neo-Freudians
• Anna Freud
• Karen Horney
• Eric Berne

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Next Time

• Neo-Freudians (15 min)
• Anna Freud
• Karen Horney
• Eric Berne (Transactional Analysis)
• Humanistic Psychologists (15 min)
• Rogers Maslow
• Psychological Testing (45 min)
• Five Factor
• Factor Analysis Concepts Test Design
• Be Prepared for a PopQuiz over Chapters 11 15

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Next Time Know

• Todays Notes
• Projective Testing Especially Rorschach
• Counter Arguments to Freud and Terror-Management
  Theory
• Humanists, Especially Maslow

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Next Time Know

• Rogers and Unconditional Positive Regard
• Traits, Allport, Myers-Briggs (p. 613)
• Factor Analysis (p. 614)
• MMPI (p. 616) and how it was derived
• Five Factor Personality Model (p. 618-622)
• Locus of Control (p. 625)
• Martin E. P. Seligman (p. 628)

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Finis