Patterns of Global Terrorism

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Patterns of Global Terrorism  

• Characteristics, Causes, and Controls

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What is it?

• The term "terrorism" means premeditated,
  politically motivated violence perpetrated
  against noncombatant// targets by sub-national
  groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to
  influence an audience.
• The term "international terrorism" means
  terrorism involving citizens or the territory of
  more than one country.
• The term "terrorist group" means any group
  practicing, or that has significant subgroups
  that practice, international terrorism.

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Why Terrorism?

• Some terrorist attacks may appear to be random or
  directed against targets that are not directly
  related to the terrorists cause.
• For this reason, terrorist acts are often
  dismissed as mindless violence, senseless
  violence, or irrational violence but terrorism
  is seldom mindless or irrational.

MOSCOW, Russia (CNN) -- Explosives strapped to a
woman's waist detonated Wednesday, killing at
least 20 people during a crowded religious
festival in the Chechen village of Iliskhan-Yurt,
according to Russian and Chechen officials.
5/14/03
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Activity

• You need paper and a pen/pencil
• You will take a few notes.
• You will use the reading packet to find examples
  of the following

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The Purposes of Terrorism

• Terrorists attempt to inspire and manipulate
  fear, for a variety of purposes
• To gain publicity...Terrorism is theater.
• To extract specific concessions.
• To cause widespread disorder, demoralizing
  society, and breaking down the existing social
  and political order.
• To provoke repression.
• To enforce obedience.

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Terrorist Tactics

• Six basic terrorist tactics comprise 95 of all
  terrorist incidents
• Bombings (50)
• Assassinations
• Armed assaults
• Kidnappings
• Barricade and hostage situations
• Hijackings

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Some Statistics

• There were 423 international terrorist attacks in
  2000, an increase of 8 percent from the 392
  attacks recorded during 1999. The main reason for
  the increase was an upsurge in the number of
  bombings of a multinational oil pipeline in
  Colombia by two terrorist groups there. The
  pipeline was bombed 152 times, producing in the
  Latin American region the largest increase in
  terrorist attacks from the previous year, from
  121 to 193. Western Europe saw the largest
  decrease--from 85 to 30--owing to fewer attacks
  in Germany, Greece, and Italy as well as to the
  absence of any attacks in Turkey.
• The number of casualties caused by terrorists
  also increased in 2000. During the year, 405
  persons were killed and 791 were wounded, up from
  the 1999 totals of 233 dead and 706 wounded.
• The number of anti-US attacks rose from 169 in
  1999 to 200 in 2000, a result of the increase in
  bombing attacks against the oil pipeline in
  Colombia, which is viewed by the terrorists as a
  US target.
• Nineteen US citizens were killed in acts of
  international terrorism in 2000. Seventeen were
  sailors who died in the attack against the USS
  Cole on 12 October in the Yemeni port of Aden.

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Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

• Abu Nidal organization (ANO) a.k.a. Fatah
  Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary
  Brigades, Black September, and Revolutionary
  Organization of Socialist Muslims
• Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
• Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
• Aum Supreme Truth (Aum)
• Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) HAMAS
  (Islamic Resistance Movement)
• Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)
• Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG)
• Hizballah (Party of God)
• Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
• Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17
  November)
• Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front
  (DHKP/C)
• Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA)
• Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path, or SL)

• Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
• Japanese Red Army (JRA)a.k.a. Anti-Imperialist
  International Brigade (AIIB)
• Al-Jihad a.k.a. Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad
  Group, Islamic Jihad
• Kach and Kahane Chai
• Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) National
  Liberation Army (ELN)--Colombia
• Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)The
  Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
• Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)
• Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
  (PFLP)
• Popular Front for the Liberation of
  Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC)
• al-Qaida
• There are more.....

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Other Terrorist Groups

• Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB)
• Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)
• Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALIR)
• First of October Antifascist Resistance Group
  (GRAPO)
• Revolutionary United Front (RUF)

• Irish Republican Army (IRA)
• Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed)
• New People's Army (NPA)
• Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF)
• People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD)

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Weapons-of-Mass-Destruction (WMD) Terrorism

• At the dawn of a new millennium, the possibility
  of a terrorist attack involving weapons of mass
  destruction (WMD)--chemical, biological,
  radiological, nuclear (CBRN), or large explosive
  weapons--remained real. As of the end of 2000,
  however, the most notorious attack involving
  chemical weapons against a civilian target
  remained Aum Shinrikyo's sarin nerve agent attack
  against the Tokyo subway in March 1995.
• Most terrorists continued to rely on conventional
  tactics, such as bombing, shooting, and
  kidnapping, but some terrorists--such as Usama
  Bin Ladin and his associates--continued to seek
  CBRN capabilities.
• Popular literature and the public dialog focused
  on the vulnerability of civilian targets to CBRN
  attacks. Such attacks could cause lasting
  disruption and generate significant psychological
  impact on a population and its infrastructure.

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Weapons-of-Mass-Destruction (WMD) Terrorism
(Cont.)

• A few groups, notably those driven by distorted
  religious and cultural ideologies, showed signs
  they were willing to cause large numbers of
  casualties. Other potentially dangerous but less
  predictable groups had emerged, and those groups
  may not abide by traditional targeting
  constraints that would prohibit using
  indiscriminate violence or CBRN weapons.
• Some CBRN materials, technology, and especially
  information continued to be widely available,
  particularly from commercial sources and the
  Internet.

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Is It Terrorism?

• Activity
• Read each scenario and decide with a partner if
  each one describes an act of terrorism.
• To defend your answers you must develop criteria
  for determining what is or is not terrorism.

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Total International Terrorist Attacks 1981-2000
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Total International Attacks 2000
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Total International Casualties 2000
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(No Transcript)
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Total Anti-US Attacks 2000
lt Latin America 172
lt Bombing 179
lt Business 176
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Responses to Terrorism

• Q How have Britian, Germany and Israel balanced
  civil liberty with the need to be secure?
• Small Group Activity
• 1) Each group will read about their assigned
  country.
• 2) Members of the group will prepare an
  appropriate response to the above question.

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United States Terror Alert System
What do you THINK? 1) Can this system lessen the
chance of attack? 2) Will it reduce the number of
casualties?
Homeland Security Secretary Former Pennsylvania
Governor Tom Ridge