Criteria Segmentrepresentaties

1
Criteria Segmentrepresentaties

• criteria feature theorieën
• algemeen wetenschappelijk
• algemeen UG
• Clements criteria voor Feature Geometrieën
• Beoordeling criteria

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Criteria Wetenschappelijke Theorie

• Karl Popper (Wikepedia)
• It is easy to obtain confirmations, or
  verifications, for nearly every theory if we
  look for confirmations.
• Confirmations should count only if they are the
  result of risky predictions that is to say, if,
  unenlightened by the theory in question, we
  should have expected an event which was
  incompatible with the theory an event which
  would have refuted the theory.
• Every "good" scientific theory is a prohibition
  it forbids certain things to happen. The more a
  theory forbids, the better it is.

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Criteria Wetenschappelijke Theorie

• Karl Popper (Wikepedia)
• A theory which is not refutable by any
  conceivable event is non-scientific.
  Irrefutability is not a virtue of a theory (as
  people often think) but a vice.
• Every genuine test of a theory is an attempt to
  falsify it, or to refute it. Testability is
  falsifiability but there are degrees of
  testability some theories are more testable,
  more exposed to refutation, than others they
  take, as it were, greater risks.
• Confirming evidence should not count except when
  it is the result of a genuine test of the theory
  and this means that it can be presented as a
  serious but unsuccessful attempt to falsify the
  theory. (I now speak in such cases of
  "corroborating evidence.")

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Criteria Segmentrepresentaties

• Karl Popper (Wikepedia)
• Some genuinely testable theories, when found to
  be false, are still upheld by their admirers
  for example by introducing ad hoc some auxiliary
  assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory ad
  hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation.
  Such a procedure is always possible, but it
  rescues the theory from refutation only at the
  price of destroying, or at least lowering, its
  scientific status. (I later described such a
  rescuing operation as a "conventionalist twist"
  or a "conventionalist stratagem.").
• One can sum up all this by saying that the
  criterion of the scientific status of a theory is
  its falsifiability, or refutability, or
  testability.

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Criteria Segmentrepresentaties

• algemeen wetenschappelijk
• restrictief/verbiedend
• een theorie moet testbaar/ falsificeerbaar/weerl
  egbaar zijn
• intern consistent

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Criteria Segmentrepresentaties

• algemeen UG
• beknoptheid
• generalisaties procesbeschrijvingen
• economie representaties
• op elk terrein? beknoptheid/generalisaties in de
  fonologie? hersenopslag lijkt vrij onbeperkt
• localiteit
• natuurlijkheid

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Criteria Feature Geometrieën

• A phonological feature system must be able to
  distinguish all vowel and consonant segments to
  be phonemically contrastive, and (preferably)
  only those

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Criteria Feature Geometrieën

• A phonological feature system must be able to
  distinguish all vowel and consonant segments to
  be phonemically contrastive, and (preferably)
  only those
• It must make it possible to refer to natural
  classes of sounds, and only those, by a single
  set of feature specifications

9
Criteria Feature Geometrieën

• A phonological feature system must be able to
  distinguish all vowel and consonant segments to
  be phonemically contrastive, and (preferably)
  only those
• It must make it possible to refer to natural
  classes of sounds, and only those, by a single
  set of feature specifications
• It must account for natural groupings of
  features, i.e. it must distinguish features that
  tend to function together in phonological rules
  from those that do not

10
Criteria Feature Geometrieën

• A phonological feature system must be able to
  distinguish all vowel and consonant segments to
  be phonemically contrastive, and (preferably)
  only those
• It must make it possible to refer to natural
  classes of sounds, and only those, by a single
  set of feature specifications
• It must account for natural groupings of
  features, i.e. it must distinguish features that
  tend to function together in phonological rules
  from those that do not
• Within the context of a theory of markedness, it
  must distinguish between more- and less-favored
  vowel and consonant inventories

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Criteria Feature Geometrieën

• A phonological feature system must be able to
  distinguish all vowel and consonant segments to
  be phonemically contrastive, and (preferably)
  only those
• It must make it possible to refer to natural
  classes of sounds, and only those, by a single
  set of feature specifications
• It must account for natural groupings of
  features, i.e. it must distinguish features that
  tend to function together in phonological rules
  from those that do not
• Within the context of a theory of markedness, it
  must distinguish between more- and less-favored
  vowel and consonant inventories
• It must make use of non-abstract features, that
  is, features that have a core of invariant
  cross-linguistic acoustic and articulatory
  properties

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Model

• Een model van de werkelijkheid is een
  abstractie/karikatuur van de werkelijkheid
• Alle irrelevante informatie wordt idealiter
  verwijderd
• vraag in hoeverre kunnen we deze abstractie
  gelijkstellen aan de werkelijkheid?
• Laat iedere spreker van de taal hetzelfde weg?

13
Discussie met dank aan Jenne Klimp

• In hoeverre mag een formeel systeem een
  abstractie van de werkelijkheid zijn?
• Is het wel zo dat formele/symbolische
  representaties identiek zijn aan mentale
  representaties?
• Hoe eenduidig zijn de klanken in natuurlijke
  klassen ingedeeld als we naar echte fonologische
  processen kijken?
• Kunnen/moeten features articulatorisch,
  akoestisch en/of perceptief gedefinieerd worden?
• Hoe verhoudt zich de continue stroom geluid
  (fonetiek) zich tot de abstracte, mentale,
  discrete symbolen (fonologie)?
• Kunnen de abstracte, mentale entiteiten via
  processen gerealiseerd worden als continu geluid?
  (veel processen gradueel)

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Onderwerpen

• Articulatory Phonology Gestures (Browman
  Goldstein) (Zsiga)
• Akoestische segmentrepresentaties (Wilbert
  Heeringa)
• Phonetically-driven Phonology (Hayes)
• Functionalisme (Kirchner) (Stevens) (Boersma)
• Sign Language (Brentari) (Coulter) (vdHulst)
• Particle Phonology (Schane)
• Natural Phonology (Stampe) (Bybee/Hooper)
• Charm Government Phonology (Kaye)
• Autosegmental Phonology (Goldsmith)
• Feature Geometries (Clements) (Kenstowicz)
• Dependency Phonology (Ewen Anderson)
• Underspecification Theory (Steriade) (Kiparsky)
  (Archangeli)
• Laboratory Phonology (Ohala) (Pierrehumbert)
  (Beckman) (Flemming) (Boersma) (Stevens)
• Self-Organisation in Vowel Systems (Bart de Boer)

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Referaat Sjabloon

• Wat houdt de bestudeerde theorie in het kort in?
• Wat zijn de geleverde argumenten voor deze
  representatievorm van klanksegmenten?
• (In hoeverre verschilt de bestudeerde theorie van
  de standaardtheorie?)
• Geef minstens één voorbeeld van de behandeling
  van een fonologisch proces in deze theorie.
• In hoeverre voldoet de theorie aan de criteria
  voor klankrepresentaties van Clements?
• (In hoeverre voldoet de theorie aan
  wetenschapsfilosofische en taalkundige criteria
  voor modellen?)
• (Bediscussieer de relevantie van deze criteria.)
• Wat is je oordeel over deze theorie?