Cause and Effect (2)

1
Cause and Effect (2)

• In Argumentation

2
General Guideline Review

• Clear sense of Purpose Target and Premise
• Pattern consider counter arguments do not
  refuse to give them credits give solutions ?
  make proper concession
• In most situations, more than one cause or effect
  is involved ? avoid simplification
• Specific wording, modification ? avoid
  generalization vagueness
• Speak with enough evidence ? sufficient research
  
• Logical development of ideas. (e.g. development
  by gradation dont make logical leap dont
  confuse ideas.)

3
Sense of Purpose Main Target

• Nowadays, television is (seems to x) abused by
  not only the kids, but also the parents who spent
  too much time at work thinking that TV could be
  like a friend to their children.
• Nowadays, television is abused by the parents who
  spend too much time at work, thinking that TV
  could be like a friend to their children.
  Without their parents around, the kids can be
  turned by TV into into a couch potato, if not one
  prone to violence or indulged in fantasies.

4
Simplification, Wrong targets

• I disagree with occupational sex segregation
  existing in the modern society. First, both men
  and women have the right for gaining education.
• Although there is an increase in the number of
  women who enter the managerial and professional
  fields, occupational sex segregation is still
  something for women to fight against. (Give
  evidence then solution.)
• Although occupational sex segregation is on the
  decline in labor force, women still experience
  occupational discrimination in wage, promotion as
  well as no-pregnancy policy. (Give evidence
  then solution.)

5
Concession to the counter argument

• Society does want to offer the more constructive,
  positive treatment for criminals, but the social
  resources are simply not enough.(1. What is
  society? 2. too much concession, implying that
  death penalty is negative and destructive.)
• Indeed, it would be great to educate and
  rehabilitate every criminal, had we enough time,
  space, and money to do so. However, our social
  resources are simply not enough.

6
Simplification

• parents sexual orientations do not interfere
  with childrens sexual orientations. This means
  children raised by homosexual couples receive no
  more chances to become gays or lesbians
  themselves than children of heterosexual parents
  do.
• Considering the multiple causes of
  homosexuality-- biological, social as well as
  familialparents sexual orientation is not the
  exclusive factor in deciding childrens sexual
  orientations.

7
Generalization Logical Development of Ideas

• Commercial makers know the weakness of all the
  women they are all afraid of looking ugly and
  stupid. Thus, women choose to trust the
  commercials. They trust the beauty saloon, which
  would bring them success. They do not look the
  same way as the standard women the commercial
  presents thus they trust. Even though they know
  some of the commercials are not worthy of their
  trust, yet they still choose to trust someone
  else except themselves, ignoring the importance
  of health or inner beauty. Yet, is fat really
  bad? Is fat equal to failure? Is being beautiful
  everything that women should have? It seems to me
  that most women are bounded by Barbie dolls
  image. . .
• (suggestion)

• Commercial makers know the weakness of all the
  women they are all afraid of looking ugly and
  stupid. Thus, women choose to trust the
  commercials. They trust the beauty saloon, which
  would bring them success. They do not look the
  same way as the standard women the commercial
  presents thus they trust. Even though they know
  some of the commercials are not worthy of their
  trust, yet they still choose to trust someone
  else except themselves, ignoring the importance
  of health or inner beauty. Yet, is fat really
  bad? Is fat equal to failure? Is being beautiful
  everything that women should have? It seems to me
  that most women are bounded by Barbie dolls
  image. . .

8
Logical Development of ideas (2)

• Why do so many women go on a slimming diet with
  the help of medicine, beauty saloons or even
  surgery such as liposuction? Because the slim
  body shape has become a cultural norm which we
  get to see on all the TV programs, in all the
  clothing stores window, as well as on all the ads
  with images of women we see in the bus, on the
  street and in the daily newspapers. A lot of
  women who do not conform to this standard feel
  unconfident in themselves and their looks. They
  spend a lot of money on slimming themselves,
  reinforcing the body myth which has been
  prevalent in society.
• The commercial designers understand
  appeal to their needs to wear this body uniform.
  ? e.g. commercials.
• (challenging the concept)However, is
  fatness really bad? Is it equal to ugliness or
  failure?

9
Vague expressions

• Many people still feel anxious about the mental
  health of gays and lesbians especially on
  children-raising issue. In fact, researches in
  this field have recognized that the overall
  mental health of homosexual parents has great
  similarity with that of heterosexual parents.
• Many people still have doubts about the mental
  health of gays and lesbians and how it may affect
  their children. They may wonder, for instance,
  if homosexuals are emotionally unstable, too
  radical, or insecure, and thus foster extreme
  personalities in their children. There could be
  even fears of abnormal psychology in the parents,
  which get passed on to their children. In fact,
  . . . .

10
Vague expressions
Social skills need a long time to develop and
must be practiced and improved through
experience. One sort of skills we need, among
others, is that of friendly communication with
another gender without mistaking it for courtship
or love. What a good co-ed school can offer us is
exactly this an open environment in which girls
can communicate and interact naturally with boys
on daily basis. Girls and boys should learn to
do so at a young age, not after they have
physically and mentally matured. At that time it
might be too late, since their personality
development has already slowed down while they
may not know how to deal with another gender on
various occasions.

• Social skills need a long time to develop and
  must be practiced. Its slowly built up through
  experience. And that is what co-ed schools give
  us. Girls and boys should learn how to interact
  and communicate at a young age, not after they
  have physically and mentally matured. At that
  time it might be too late, and the personality
  development has already slowed down.

11
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• In Taiwans society today, it is very normal
  that parents both are working. Therefore, the
  time from 4 oclock in the afternoon until 10
  oclock at night became the time for children to
  watch television without their parents
  accompaniment and supervision.
• In a lot of Taiwanese families, the parents not
  only work but also work overtime. They may feel
  that their elementary-school kids are safe as
  long as they are at home however, they do not
  know that, at home, there is a constant mental
  killer, T.V.

12
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• However, how death penalty in real life is not
  like what happens in the movies. It possesses its
  necessity and value of existing in the present
  day.
• To present an execution sympathetically,
  Hollywood films may be selective or biased in
  characterizing the criminals. When examining the
  issue of death penalty in real life, however, we
  need to pay attention to its reasons and
  functions as objectively as possible.

13
Faulty Logic? Faulty connection

• If Taiwan accepts Han Yu Pin Yin as its standard
  Romanization system, we wont be worried about
  our international trade or export-import business
  with the worldwide countries especially for us
  who have just joined WTO (World Trade
  Organization) last month.
• If we also use Han Yu Pin Yin, which the other
  Chinese speaking countries use, representative of
  the foreign export or import companies will not
  feel confused by our street names or our
  transliteration of some Chinese proper names.

14
Pinyin e.g. for Han yu 1. inconsistencies in
Tong Yong
Zhuyin Han Yu Tong Yong
? ?q? ?c?
? ?c? ?c?
? ?x? ?s?
? ?s? ?s?
15
Pinyin e.g. for Tong Yong

• 1. ?????Q,X,Zh?feng????,??????????????????????ji,c
  i,si?jh,ch,sh??????,?,???,?,??,???????????????????
  ?
• 2.

Tong Yong Han Yu
? wong weng
? wun wen
? fong feng
(source http//www.chinesewaytogo.org/waytogo/exp
ert/pinyin/yu.htm )
16
Pinyin e.g. for Tong Yong

• ???????????????????? (e.g. Hong Kong, Japan,
  Australia)
• ????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????
  ??????????????????,???????????????????,???????????
  ?
• (source http//www.chinesewaytogo.org/waytogo/exp
  ert/pinyin/yu.htm )

17
Premise the functions of Romanization

• help teach pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese
  (Pin-yin popularize the Peking dialect)
• standardize the spelling of Chinese personal and
  place names abroad e.g. Chiwen Ji-wen,
• Translation of legal documents typing
• (Pinyin replaced the traditional writing systems
  of several ethnic minorities in China and is used
  to document the previously unwritten languages of
  many more.) (source http//www.britannica.com/eb
  /article?eu61634tocid0queryromanization )