The Future of Electric Transportation

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The Future of Electric Transportation
Utilities Service Alliance Executive Summit June
11, 2009
Tom Reddoch Executive Director Energy Utilization
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What is an Electric Vehicle?
PHEV Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle EREV
Extended Range Electric Vehicle
EV Electric Vehicle
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Does an Electric Vehicle Produce Torque
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Plug-In Hybrids Significantly Reduce Consumption
of Motor Fuels

Source EPRI Report 1000349
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Benefits of 20 Mile Range PHEV
Energy SecurityEnergy EfficiencyReduced CO2
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High Fuel Costs Incentivize ETGasoline now
highest cost component of vehicle ownership
Source Ricardo Analysis
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Electric Vehicles Are Coming
EV
PHEV or EREV
Nissan 2010 CY
Production
Saturn VUE 2-Mode Blended Intro 2011 CY
Chevrolet Volt Extended Range EV 40-mile EV
range 16kWh Li-Ion Intro 2010 CY
Daimler Smart ForTwo 2010 CY
Mitsubishi iMIEV 2010 CY, 100 mile range, PGE,
SCE demo
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PHEV Development Timeline
First Announcements of Production-Intent PHEV
Programs
Other OEM PHEVs, EVs Enter Market
Launch of 1st Gen 2 Programs
Begin SAE Standards Efforts
Production Implementation of Smart Charging and
AMI Integration
2003
Begin Utility-Auto Collaborations
Finalize Connector (J1772)
Finalize Communications (J2836)
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Electric Vehicles Are Coming
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Key Issues

• Energy Storage
• Interface
• Partnership

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Key Issue 1 Energy Storage

• Technology Development
• Reduce manufacturing complexity and cost
• Increase storage capacity per unit volume
• Increase reliability, durability and life cycle

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Key Issue 1 Energy Storage

• 3 PLASMA TVs
• and SET TOP BOXES

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A JELLY DOUGHNUT

• Provides about ¼ kWh of energy to your body (1
  megajoule)

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Energy Density Battery vs. Fuel
The eBox Contains a 600 lbs. 35kWh Battery
It can travel 120 to 150 miles on a single charge

One Gallon (6 lbs.) of Gasoline
600 pound Li-Ion Battery
35kWh of Energy
36.2kWh of Energy
1100 Weight Ratio
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Energy Content of Various Fuels
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Battery Technologies
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Lithium Ion Battery is Key Near-Term Enabling
Technology for PHEVs and EVs

• Numerous chemistries, continually evolving
  technology
• Well-suited for PHEV application
• High level of activity, support
• Synergistic with many stationary applications
• Challenges
• Near-term high cost
• Automotive cell manufacturing only just beginning
• Battery system life requirement key cost driver

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Lithium Ion Battery Durability
New Battery at 100 Capacity
Traditional End of Life(80 Original
Power/Energy)
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Li-Ion Batteries for Utilities

• Stationary use of new batteries
• This looks to be economically difficult except in
  certain circumstances, like providing high
  reliability in certain real-estate limited areas
• Other technologies are still more cost effective
  at utility scale
• Stationary use of reclaimed batteries
• Batteries taken out of vehicles still have high
  energy density and power density relative to
  other utility energy storage options
• These free batteries could be a useful resource
• The open question is how expensive it will be to
  package these batteries to achieve utility-grade
  reliability

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Critical challenges

• Risk is high for OEM programs
• Batteries are not easily available
• Factories have to be built, etc.
• Costs need to be 200-400 / kWh they are
  currently more like 1500-2000 / kWh

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SLOWING DOWN (a.k.a. Braking)

• It takes energy to make a car move
• It also takes energy to make a car stop moving
• Cars use BRAKES to slow down

Where does the energy go?
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Electric Cars Can Slow Down Another Way

• An Electric Car can slow down by removing energy
  from the wheels
• If that energy is used to recharge the battery
  its called REGENERATION or REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Where does the energy go?
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Key Issue 2 Interface
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Connector Auto Industry Adopting Single
Conductive Connector

• Dual voltage
• Level 1 (120 VAC)
• Level 2 (208-240 VAC max 15kW
• Low cost connector
• Open standard
• No dedicated comm wires

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Infrastructure Working CouncilA Stakeholder
Organization for Collaboration on Standards
Infrastructure Working Council- Utility-funded
stakeholder group- Identify and address needs
for codes and standards- Not a standards body
Society of Automotive Engineers- J1772
(Connector)- J2836 (Communications)
Inst of Elec and Elect Engineers- 1547
(Interconnecting DR)
Intl Electrotechnical Comm- TC69 (Charge
Infrastructure)- SC23 (Connectors)
ANSI, UL, etc.
National Electric Code- NEC625 (EV Charging
Systems)
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Utility Vision for Smart PHEV Infrastructure

• Safe, intercompatible, and intelligent interface
• Common connector and communication standards
• Smart Grid enabled
• Bi-directional data exchange between vehicle and
  grid
• AMI and non-AMI strategies to enable smart
  charging
• Understand and Define
• System impacts
• Infrastructure planning
• Long-term RD needs

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Getting Ready Infrastructure Planning

• Home
• Tenant
• Workplace
• Retail and Fee-based Parking
• Public Parking metered/un-metered
• Focus resources to achieve the greatest impact
• Establish some ground rules, for examplepublic
  charging should be accessible to all

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Components of Grid Integration
AMI Path
Plug-In Vehicle
StandardInterface

• Utility Auto industry collaboration
• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid
• Common
• Open systems

Non-AMI Paths
Smart Charging Back End Energy Management, Cust
ID, Billing
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Distribution System Impacts

• Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility
  distribution systems
• Participants ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec,
  Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro, SRP, Duke,
  PGE,

Distribution Impacts
Plug-In Characteristics

• Thermal Loading
• Losses
• Voltage
• Imbalance
• Harmonics
• Protection System Impacts
• Advanced Metering
• EE devices

• Plug-in vehicle type and range
• PEV market share and distribution
• Charge profile and power level
• Charger behavior

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Smart Grid Enabling PHEV and Other Distributed
Resources
Sensors Communications Enable Integration of
Distributed Resources with Utility Operations
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Communications Connecting PHEVs to the Smart
Grid

• Reconcile Fundamentally Different Systems
• Autos build a 50-state vehicle
• Utility systems are unique
• Clean sheet design
• Approach
• Intelligrid design principles
• Zigbee (short range wireless) or HomePlug
  (powerline carrier)
• Smart Energy Profile 2.0
• Validate and optimize via utility-auto
  demonstrations programs

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Understanding Grid Impacts

• Generation Understand magnitude and timing of
  PHEV load curve (EPRI-NRDC Study)
• PHEV market penetration, vehicle characteristics
  (battery size, charge power)
• Transmission Study effects of aggregate
  behavior of PHEV charging inverter loads on
  system
• Distribution Believed to see earliest impacts
  due to clustering of vehicles.
• Ten utilities in the study

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Key Issue 3 Partnership

• Standards
• Public Policy
• Customer Experience
• Demonstration
• Market Analysis
• Public Education

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Collaborative PHEV/EV Program Members
BC Hydro
Manitoba Hydro
Seattle City Light
Hydro-Québec
Portland General Electric
Great River Energy
Snohomish County PUD No. 1
We Energies
Central Hudson GE
PacifiCorp
Consumers Energy
Northeast Utilities
DTE
NYPA
Dairyland Power
ConEd
EnWinUtilities
PSEG
Nebraska Public Power District
FirstEnergy
Constellation Energy
Sacramento Municipal UD
Lincoln Electric
AEP
Hoosier
Dominion Resources
Hetch Hetchy Water and Power
Tri-State GT
Great Plains Energy
Pacific Gas Electric
AmerenServices
Progress Energy
Southern California Edison
Duke Energy
Salt River Project
Public Service NM
San Diego Gas Electric
Arkansas Electric Coop
Southern Company
EUROPE Iberdrola, S.A.
Austin Energy
Golden Valley Electric Assn.
CenterPoint Energy
Hawaiian Electric Co.
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Ford PHEV Program1st OEMUtility Demo of PHEV
Passenger Vehicles

• Fleet demonstration of 21 PHEV Escape prototypes
• Nine new participants join SCE, Ford, and EPRI
• Progress, DTE, NYPA, ConEd, Southern, NYSERDA,
  National Grid, AEP, Pepco
• Vehicle deliveries underway
• 3½ year test and demo program

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GM EPRI PHEV Demonstration and Smart Charging
Program

• 60 GM vehicles as demo fleet for GM-EPRI-utility
  collaborative through DoE grant award of 10M
• Smart Charging GMs vehicle first-ever smart
  appliance designed to seamlessly integrate into
  smart grid infrastructure
• Understand customer charging behavior critical
  for successfully integrating with demand
  response measures
• Design rates in support of desired charging
  expectations

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Plug-In Vehicles as Distributed Energy Resources

• Mode
• V2G/DER Mode
• System Compatibility Testing
• PQ Impacts
• Protection System Impact
• Islanding
• Grounding compatibility
• Standards
• Satisfy IEEE, UL and local Utility
  interconnection requirements
• IEEE 1547
• UL 1741
• IEEE 929
• IEEE 519
• ANSI/IEEE Std 1001

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PHEV Environmental Assessment

• Nationwide Base Case (2007)
• Califiornia and Ohio regional studies with
  Economic Impact (2008)
• Impact of Smart Grid on Charging (2009/2010)
• Smart Charging
• Updated dispatch order to include renewable
  resources
• Updated vehicle technologies (GM, Ford)
• Update utility future
• Multiple charging scenarios
• Water impacts

Change in 8-Hour Ozone Design Value (ppb)PHEV
Case Base Case
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Image from NASA Visible Earth