English Lexicology in the 21st Century

1
English Lexicology in the 21st Century

• ???????????
• -- ???

2
???????????
3
I. ?????????????
?????????????,??????????????lexicology(???)????
?Noah Webster?1828???????????????,?????????19?????
???????,?20????????????????(linguistics)?,????????
????????????,??????????????,??????????????????
????????????,??????????(philology)??????,?????????
???????????????????,????????????,???????????,?
??(?????)????????????????
4

• ?20?????????(????????????)????,???????????????????
  ??????,Leonard Bloomfield???,???????????,????????
  ?????? (really an appendix of the grammar, a list
  of basic irregularities) ?

21????,???????????????????,???????(?????)?????????
?,??????????????
5

• ????Leila Behrens???????????????????(The
  Lexicon in Focus Competition and Convergence in
  Current Lexicology,2002)??David Alan
  Cruse????1900????????????????????(Lexicology
  An International Handbook on the Nature and
  Structure of Words and Vocabularies,
  2002,2005)??Dieter Wunderlich??????????(Advances
  in the Theory of the Lexicon, 2006)??M. A. K.
  Halliday?????????(LexicologyA Short
  Introduction, 2007)??Patrick Hanks???2400???????
  ??????(Lexicology Critical Concepts in
  Linguistics, 2008)????????????,????????????,??????
  ?????????,Anna Wierzbicka??????????????????????
  (no more than the glue that is used to paste
  words together)?

6
II. ????????????
???
Lexicology -- An International Handbook on the
Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies by
D. Alan Cruse (Editor) Publisher Mouton de
Gruyter Bilingual edition (2005)
7

• The impression one initially has of lexicology is
  rather diffuse. As a discipline, it suffers from
  the fate of either not being noticed at all - on
  account of sub-disciplines, such as lexicography,
  morphology and lexical semantics, which are
  already well established in their own right - or
  of being itself broken down into semi-independent
  sub-disciplines such as phraseology and mental
  lexicon.
• It is against this background that the handbook
  identifies and deals with the following aims for
  academic progression and practical/theoretical
  research - the establishment and maintenance of
  an independent profile for the discipline of
  lexicology - the collection and documentation of
  up-to-date knowledge in the field of lexicology -
  the documentation of research still out-standing
  and the provision of guidelines on concrete
  fields of study.
• In conclusion the present state of lexicology
  made it necessary to deal thoroughly with
  questions about the discipline, its methodology
  and its links with related disciplines.

8

• The handbook (1944 pages) starts off with the two
  main sections 'word' and 'vocabulary'.
• The sense relations act as the threads which bind
  these two sections together, because their
  ability to link words in pairs allows us to make
  successive inroads into the vocabulary. Moving
  from the term 'word' to the term 'lexical
  element' forces us into a more detailed
  investigation of phraseology.
• Detailed treatments of each of the ways of
  looking at 'vocabulary' are provided, in view of
  the ambiguity of the term 'vocabulary'
  (vocabulary in its relation to a natural language
  vs. vocabulary in its relation to an individual
  mental lexicon vs. vocabulary in its relation
  to grammar lexicon).
• Similarly, synchronic and diachronic points of
  view are taken into account, in order to be able
  to arrive at an adequate description of the
  underlying dynamics of the vocabulary of natural
  languages.

9
Volume One

• ??????? 23 ?????????,?????????????????
• I. The foundations and fundamental questions of
  lexicology
• II. Reflection on the word
• III. The word in the context of different
  theories of language/grammar

10

• ??????????????????
• IV. The form level of the word
• V. The content level of the word I General
  overview
• VI. The content level of the word II Lexical
  decomposition
• VII. The content level of the word III
  Conceptual approaches
• VIII. The content level of the word IV
  Structuring of word meaning
• IX. The content level of the word V Dimensions
  of meaning
• X. Relations between the level of form and the
  level of content

11

• ????????????????
• XI. Special forms of lexical units I Idioms
• XII. Special forms of lexical units II
  Shortened words, abbreviations and other lexical
  units with a status similar to words
• ????????????????
• XIII. Lexical structures based on sense relations
  I General overview, inclusions and identity
• XIV. Lexical structures based on sense relations
  II Exclusion and opposition, derivational
  relations
• XV. Lexical structures based on sense relations
  III Descriptive models

12

• ??????????????????
• XVI. Lexical structures in a syntagmatic
  perspective
• XVII. The architecture of the vocabulary I Word
  classes
• XVIII. The architecture of the vocabulary II
  Word families
• XIX. The architecture of the vocabulary III
  Lexical fields
• XX. The architecture of the vocabulary IV
  Structurings related to concepts
• XXI. The architecture of the vocabulary V
  Functional varieties
• XXII. The architecture of the vocabulary VI
  Layers of origin
• XXIII. The architecture of the vocabulary VII
  Vocabularies for specific purposes

13
Volume Two

• ???????????????,
• ????????????????????
• XXIV. Methodology of Lexicology
• XXV. Structural Properties of Vocabularies from
  Contrastive and Typological Points of View
• XXVI Special Properties of Vocabularies

14

• ?????????????????????????????????
• XXVII. A Selection of Regional Vocabularies and
  Vocabularies of Dialects I German
• XXVIII. A Selection of Regional Vocabularies and
  Vocabularies of Dialects II English
• XXIX. The Etymology of Words
• XXX. Lexical Change
• XXXI. Epoch Vocabularies
• XXXII. Vocabularies of Famous Personalities I
  Literature
• XXXIII. Vocabularies of Famous Personalities II
  Church, Music, State and Science
• XXXIV. Contrastive Studies of Lexical Fields

15

• ???????????????
• XXXV. Lexicon and Grammar I The Analysis of
  Lexical Units
• XXXVI. Lexicon and Grammar II Changing Lexical
  Units
• XXXVII. Lexicon and Grammar III The Combination
  of Lexical Units
• ???????????
• XXXVIII. Mental Lexicon I The Word
• XXXIX. Mental Lexicon II The Vocabulary
• XL. Mental Lexicon III Acquisition and Loss
• ??????????????????
• XLI. Lexicology and Neighbouring Disciplines
• ???????
• Index of names
• Index of topics

16
???
P. Hanks, ed. Lexicology -- Critical Concepts in
Linguistics 6 vols. Publisher Routledge (2008)
17

• This new Routledge Major Work is a six-volume
  collection (2768 pages) of nearly one hundred
  papers, articles, and extracts covering every
  aspect of lexicology.
• It ranges over philosophy of language, prototype
  theory, artificial intelligence, cognitive
  linguistics, systemic linguistics, structuralism
  (European and American), generative lexicon
  theory, meaning-text theory, natural semantic
  metalanguage theory, computational linguistics,
  corpus linguistics, and child language
  acquisition.
• Carefully edited extracts from writings on the
  lexicon by Aristotle, Wilkins, Leibniz, and
  Wittgenstein make the central observations of
  these great thinkers readily available to
  scholars and students.
• And major articles by lexical semantic field
  theorists (Trier, Porzig, Gipper, and Coseriu)
  are made available for the first time in English
  translation.
• A general introduction by Patrick Hanks, a
  leading scholar in the field, gives a
  comprehensive overview of the subject and its
  main issues

18

• Volume 1 Philosophy and Word Meaning 
• Part 1 Foundations 
• Part 2 Beyond Necessary Conditions 
• Part 3 Variability and Vagueness 
• Volume 2 Lexical Semantics and Structures 
• Part 4 Semantic Field Theory 
• Part 5 Structuralist Semantics 
• Part 6 Componential Analysis of Kinship 
• Part 7 The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar
  Markerese 
• Part 8 The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theory 
• Volume 3 Core Meaning, Extended Meaning 
• Part 9 Primes and Universals 
• Part 10 Polysemy 
• Part 11 Cross-Linguistic Comparative Lexicology 

19

• Volume 4 Syntagmatics 
• Part 12 Syntagmatics The Firthian Tradition 
• Part 13 Lexicon Grammar 
• Part 14 Frame Semantics 
• Part 15 Preferences, Meaning, and Context 
• Volume 5 Cognition and the Lexicon 
• Part 16 Child Language Acquisition 
• Part 17 Prototypes and Stereotypes 
• Part 18 The Mental Lexicon 
• Volume 6 Formal Approaches to the Lexicon 
• Part 19 Meaning-Text Theory 
• Part 20 Statistics of Word Association 
• Part 21 Lexical Resources for Computational
  Language Processing 
• Part 22 Computational Representation of the
  Lexicon

20
Volume 1 PHILOSOPHY AND WORD MEANING

• ?1? ?????
• ?1???3???,????????????????,?????
  ????????????Aristotle??18???????Porphyry,Russell
  ,Wittgenstein ? Quine ????????????1????????,??????
  ???????????????????,?????????????????

21

• Part 1 Foundations
• 1. Aristotle (4th century BC), Meaning and
  Essence, excerpts from Aristotles writings,
  selected, arranged, and edited by Ekaterini
  Stathi (Berlin, 2005)
• 2. Porphyry, Eisagoge, Introduction to
  Aristotles Categories, trans. J. Barnes (Oxford,
  2003), pp. 319
• 3. John Wilkins (1668), excerpts from Essay
  Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical
  Language (London The Royal Society)
• 4. John Locke (1690), Of the signification of
  words, Chapters 1 to 5 from Book III of the
  Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Table
  of Contents of Book III (Oxford Oxford
  University Press, 1975), pp. 40238
• 5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1704), excerpts
  from Table de definitions, in Louis Couturat
  (ed.), Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz
  (Paris Felix Alcan, 1903), selected by Donald
  Rutherford, trans. Emily Rutherford
• 6. Louis Couturat (1903), excerpts from The Logic
  of Leibniz, trans. Donald Rutherford and Timothy
  Monroe, published on the Internet (19972002)
• 7. Bertrand Russell, Words and Meaning, The
  Analysis of Mind (London Allen Unwin, 1922),
  pp. 13544

22

• Part 2 Beyond Necessary Conditions
• 8. Ludwig Wittgenstein, excerpts from
  Philosophical Investigations, selected and edited
  by Yorick Wilks (Oxford, 2005)
• 9. Willard van Orman Quine (1940), Use Versus
  Mention, in Willard van Orman Quine,
  Mathematical Logic (New York Norton)
• 10. Willard van Orman Quine, excerpts from Word
  and Object (Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1960), pp.
  517 8095 11434
• 11. Hilary Putnam (1970), Is Semantics
  Possible?, in H. Kiefer and M. Munitz (eds.),
  Languages, Believe and Metaphysics, Volume I of
  Contemporary Philosophic Thought The
  International Philosophy Year Conferences at
  Brockport (reprinted in Mind, Language and
  Reality (Cambridge Cambridge University Press,
  1975), pp. 13952)
• 12. Hilary Putnam (1975), The Meaning of
  Meaning, in K. Gunderson (ed.), Language,
  Mind, and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the
  Philosophy of Science, VII (University of
  Minnesota Press) (reprinted in Mind, Language and
  Reality (Cambridge Cambridge University Press),
  pp. 21571)
• 13. J. L. Austin, Performative-constative, in
  Charles E. Caton (ed.), Philosophy and Ordinary
  Language, trans. G. J. Warnock (Urbana, IL
  University of Illinois Press, 1963), pp. 2254

23

• Part 3 Variability and Vagueness
• 14. Jorge Luis Borges, The Analytical Language
  of John Wilkins, in Jorge Luis Borges, Other
  Inquisitions 19371952, trans. Ruth L. Simms
  (New York Simon Schuster, 1964), pp. 1015
• 15. William Labov, The Boundaries of Words and
  their Meanings, in C.-J. Bailey and R. Shuy
  (eds.), New Ways of Analyzing Variation in
  English (Washington DC Georgetown University
  Press, 1973), pp. 34073
• 16. Anna Wierzbicka, Precision in Vagueness,
  Journal of Pragmatics, 10, 1986, pp. 597613
• 17. Anna Wierzbicka, extracts from Introduction
  and The Promise Group, in English Speech Act
  Verbs (Sydney Academic Press, 1987), pp. 126
  302 20513
• 18. Timothy Williamson, Vagueness, Indeterminacy
  and Social Meaning, in Colin B. Grant and Donald
  McLaughlin (eds.), Language Meaning Social
  Construction Interdisciplinary Studies
  (Amsterdam Rodopi, 2001), pp. 6176

24
Volume 2 LEXICAL SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURES

• ?2???5???,?15???????????????????????????,?????????
  ?????????????????????????????????

25

• Part 4 Semantic Field Theory
• 19. Walter Porzig, Intrinsic Semantic
  Relations, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally
  published as Wesenhafte Bedeutungsbeziehungen,
  Beiträge zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 58,
  1934, pp. 7097)
• 20. Jost Trier, The Linguistic Field An
  Investigation, trans. Elke Gehweiler (originally
  published as Das Sprachliche Feld Eine
  Auseinandersetzung, Neue Jahrbücher für
  Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, 10, 1934, pp.
  42849)
• 21. Helmut Gipper, Sessel oder Stuhl? A
  Contribution to the Definition of Word Contents
  in the Object World, trans. Elke Gehweiler
  (originally published as Sessel oder Stuhl? Ein
  Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Wortinhalten im
  Bereich der Sachkultur, in Helmut Gipper (ed.),
  Sprache Schlüssel zur Welt Festschrift für Leo
  Weisgerber (Düsseldorf Pädagogischer Verlag
  Schwann, 1959), pp. 27192)
• 22. Wolfgang Wildgen, The History and Future of
  Field Semantics FromGiordano Bruno to Dynamic
  Semantics, in L. Albertazzi (ed.), Meaning and
  Cognition A Multidisciplinary Approach
  (Amsterdam John Benjamins, 2000), pp. 20326

26

• Part 5 Structuralist Semantics
• 23. Louis Hjelmslev, Dans quelle mésure les
  significations des mots euventelle être
  considerées comme formant une structure?, in Eva
  Sivertsen et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the
  Eighth International Congress of Linguists (Oslo
  Oslo University Press, 1958), pp. 63654
• 24. Bernard Pottier, Vers une sémantique
  moderne, in Travaux de linguistique et de
  Littérature, 2, 1, 1964, pp. 10737
• 25. Eugenio Coseriu, Towards a Structuralist
  Diachronic Demantics, trans. Patrick Hanks
  (originally published as Pour une sémantique
  diachronique structurale in Travaux de
  linguistique et de littérature (Centre de
  Philologie et de Littératures Romanes de
  lUniversité de Strasbourg, II/1, 1964), pp.
  13986)
• 26. John Lyons, Semantic structure, in
  Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics
  (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1969),
  pp. 44381

27

• Part 6 Componential Analysis of Kinship
• 27. Ward H. Goodenough, Componential Analysis
  and the Study of Meaning, Language, 32, 1956,
  pp. 195216
• 28. Floyd G. Lounsbury, The Structural Analysis
  of Kinship Semantics, in Proceedings of the 9th
  International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge MA
  1962 (The Hague Mouton de Gruyter, 1964), pp.
  16492
• Part 7 The Lexicon in Early Generative Grammar
  Markerese
• 29. Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry Fodor, The
  Structure of a Semantic Theory, Language, 39, 2,
  1963, pp. 170210
• 30. Dwight Bolinger, The Atomization of
  Meaning, Language, 41, 4, 1965, pp. 55573
• 31. Manfred Bierwisch, Some Semantic Universals
  of German Adjectivals, Foundations of Language,
  3, 1967, pp. 136

28

• Part 8 The Lexicon in Modern Generative Theory
• 32. James Pustejovsky, The Generative Lexicon,
  Computational Linguistics, 17, 4, 1991, pp.
  40941
• 33. Ray Jackendoff, Whats in the Lexicon?, in
  Sieb Nootebom, Fred Weerman, and Frank Wijnen
  (eds.), Storage and Computation in the Language
  Faculty (Dordrecht Kluwer, 2002), pp. 2358

29
Volume 3 CORE MEANING, EXTENDED MEANING

• ?3? ?????????
• ?3??3???,?????1???2???????,?????????(semantic
  primitives)???????????????,?3?????????????????

30

• Part 9 Primes and Universals
• 34. Andrzej Boguslawski, On Semantic Primitives
  and Meaningfulness, in A. J. Greimas, R.
  Jacobson, M. R. Mayenowa et al. (eds.), Sign,
  Language, Culture (The Hague Mouton de Gruyter,
  1970), pp. 14352
• 35. Jurij D. Apresjan, On the Language of
  Explications and Semantic Primitives, in
  Systematic Lexicography (Oxford Oxford
  University Press, 2000), pp. 21523
• 36. Anna Wierzbicka (1995), Universal Semantic
  Primitives as a Basis for Lexical Semantics,
  Folia Linguistica, 29, 12, pp. 14969
• 37. Stephen G. Pulman, Lexical Decomposition
  For and Against, in John I. Tait (ed.), Charting
  a New Course Natural Language Processing and
  Information Retrieval Essays in Honour of Karen
  Spärck Jones (Dordrecht Kluwer
  Academic/Springer, 2005), pp. 15574
• 38. Danielle Corbin and Martine Temple, Le monde
  des mots et des sens construits catégories
  sémantiques, catégories référentielles, Cahiers
  de lexicologie, 65, 1994, pp. 21336
• 39. Cliff Goddard, Lexico-semantic universals a
  critical overview, Linguistic Typology, 5, 1,
  2005, pp. 166

31

• Part 10Polysemy
• 40. Jurij D. Apresjan, Regular Polysemy,
  Linguistics, 142, 1973, pp. 532
• 41. Jiwei Ci, Synonymy and Polysemy, Lingua,
  72, 1987, pp. 31531
• 42. Paul D. Deane, Polysemy and Cognition,
  Lingua, 75, 1988, pp. 32561
• 43. Adrienne Lehrer, Polysemy, Conventionality,
  and the Structure of the Lexicon, Cognitive
  Linguistics, 12, 1990, pp. 20746
• 44. Dirk Geeraerts, Vaguenesss Puzzles,
  Polysemys Vagaries, Cognitive Linguistics, 4,
  1993, pp. 22372
• 45. David Tuggy, Ambiguity, Polysemy, and
  Vagueness, Cognitive Linguistics, 4, 1993, pp.
  27390
• Part 11 Cross-Linguistic Comparative Lexicology
• 46. Cecil H. Brown, Lexical Typology From an
  Anthropological Point of View, Sprachtypologie
  und Sprachuniversalien (Berlin, New York De
  Gruyter, 2001), pp. 117890
• 47. Cliff Goddard, Thinking Across Languages and
  Cultures Six Dimensions of Variation, Cognitive
  Linguistics, 14, 2/3, 2002, pp. 10940

32
Volume 4 SYNTAGMATICS

• ?4? ????
• ?4??4???,??????????

33

• Part 12 Syntagmatics The Firthian Tradition
• 48. Michael Halliday, Lexis as a Linguistic
  Level, in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K.
  Halliday, and R. H. Robins (eds.), In Memory of
  J. R. Firth (London Longman, 1966), pp. 14862
• 49. John Sinclair, Beginning the Study of
  Lexis, in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K.
  Halliday, and R. H. Robins (eds.), In Memory of
  J. R. Firth (London Longman, 1966), pp. 41030
• 50. Eugene O. Winter, A Look at the Role of
  Certain Words in Information Structure, in K. P.
  Jones and V. Horsnell (eds.), Informatics 3
  Proceedings of a Conference Held by the Aslib
  Co-ordinate Indexing Group (1978), pp. 8597
• 51. John Sinclair, The Lexical Item, in Edda
  Weigand (ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics
  (Amsterdam John Benjamins, 1998), pp. 124
• 52. Michael Hoey, The Textual Priming of Lexis,
  in Guy Aston, Silvia Bernardini, and Dominic
  Stewart (eds.), Corpora and Language Learners
  (Amsterdam John Benjamins, 2004), pp. 2141
• 53. Alan Partington, Utterly Content in Each
  Others Company Semantic Prosody and Semantic
  Preference, International Journal of Corpus
  Linguistics, 9, 1, 2004, pp. 13156

34

• Part 13 Lexicon Grammar
• 54. Maurice Gross, Constructing
  Lexicon-Grammars, in B. T. S. Atkins and A.
  Zampolli (eds.), Computational Approaches to the
  Lexicon (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993),
  pp. 21363
• 55. Christian Leclère, Organization of the
  Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs, Lingvisticae
  Investigationes, 25 1 (Amsterdam, Philadelphia
  John Benjamins, 2002), pp. 2948
• 56. Richard Hudson (2002), Buying and Selling in
  Word Grammar, in József Andor and Peter Pelyvás
  (eds.), Empirical Cognitive-Based Studies in the
  Semantics-Pragmatics Interface (Oxford Elsevier
  Science, 2006)
• Part 14 Frame Semantics
• 57. Charles J. Fillmore, An Alternative to
  Checklist Theories of Meaning, Papers from the
  First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
  Society, 1975, pp. 12332
• 58. Beryl Atkins and Charles J. Fillmore,
  Towards a Frame-Based Lexicon The Semantics of
  RISK and its Neighbors, in Adrienne Lehrer and
  Eva F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, Fields and
  Contrasts New Essays in Semantic and Lexical
  Organization (Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum,
  1992), pp. 75102
• 59. Adrienne Lehrer, Names and Naming Why We
  Need Fields and Frames, in Adrienne Lehrer and
  Eva F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, Fields and
  Contrasts (Hillsdale, NJ Laurence Erlbaum,
  1992), pp. 12341
• 60. Thierry Fontenelle, A Bilingual Lexical
  Database for Frame Semantics, International
  Journal of Lexicography, 13, 4, 2000, pp. 23248

35

• Part 15 Preferences, Meaning, and Context
• 61. Jeffrey Gruber, Look and See, Language, 43,
  1967, pp. 93747 62. Yorick Wilks, Frames,
  Semantics and Novelty, in Dieter Metzing (ed.),
  Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding (Berlin,
  New York Mouton de Gruyter, 1980), pp. 13463
• 63. Anna Wierzbicka, Why Can You Have a Drink
  When You Cant Have an Eat?, Language, 58,
  1982, pp. 75369
• 64. Eugene Nida, The Molecular Level of Lexical
  Semantics, International Journal of
  Lexicography, 10, 4, 1997, pp. 26574

36
Volume 5 COGNITION AND THE LEXICON

• ?5? ?????
• ?5????????????????

37

• Part 16 Child Language Acquisition
• 65. Roger W. Brown, How Shall a Thing be
  Called?, Psychological Review, 65, 1958, pp.
  1421
• 66. Eve Clark, Whats in a Word? On the Childs
  Acquisition of Semantics in His First Language,
  in T. E. Moore (ed.), Cognitive Development and
  the Acquisition of Language (New York Academic
  Press, 1973), pp. 65110
• 67. Eve Clark, Conceptual Perspective and
  Lexical Choice in Acquisition, Cognition, 64,
  1997, pp. 137
• 68. J. C. Goodman, L. McDonough, and N. B. Brown,
  The Role of Semantic Context and Memory in the
  Acquisition of Novel Nouns, Child Development,
  69, 1998, pp. 133044

38

• Part 17 Prototypes and Stereotypes
• 69. Eleanor Rosch, Cognitive Representation of
  Semantic Categories, Journal of Experimental
  Psychology, 104, 1975, pp. 192233
• 70. Nick Braisby, Situating Word Meaning, in R.
  Cooper, K. Mukai, and J. Perry (eds.), Situation
  Theory and its Applications, Vol. I (Stanford,
  CA Center for the Study of Language and
  Information, 1990), pp. 31541
• 71. George Lakoff, Hedges and Meaning Criteria,
  in Raven I. McDavid andAudrey R. Duckert (eds.),
  Lexicography in English Annals of the New York
  Academy of Sciences, 1973, pp. 14453
• 72. Patrick Hanks, Linguistic Norms and
  Pragmatic Explanations, or Why Lexicographers
  Need Prototype Theory, and Vice Versa, in F.
  Kiefer, G. Kiss and J. Pajzs (eds.), Papers in
  Computational Lexicography Complex 94 (Research
  Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of
  Sciences, 1994), pp. 89113

39

• Part 18 The Mental Lexicon
• 73. Lawrence W. Barsalou, Ad hoc Categories,
  Memory and Cognition, 11, 1983, pp. 21127
• 74. Roger W. Schvaneveldt, David E. Meyer, and
  Curtis A. Becker, Lexical Ambiguity, Semantic
  Context, and Visual Word Recognition, Journal of
  Experimental Psychology Human Perception and
  Performance, 2, 1976, pp. 24356
• 75. Sharon Lee Armstrong, Lila R. Gleitman, and
  Henry Gleitman, What Some Concepts Might Not
  Be, Cognition, 13, 1983, pp. 263308
• 76. Herbert H. Clark and Richard Gerrig,
  Understanding Old Words With New Meanings,
  Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
  22, 1983, pp. 591 608
• 77. Mira Ariel, The Demise of a Unique Literal
  Meaning, Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 2002, pp.
  361402
• 78. Tomasz P. Krzeszowski, The Axiological
  Aspect of Idealized Cognitive Models, in J.
  Tomaszczyk and B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (eds.),
  Meaning and Lexicography (Amsterdam John
  Benjamins, 1990), pp. 13565

40
Volume 6 FORMAL APPROACHES TO THE LEXICON

• ?6? ???????
• ?6?????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ?-????(text theory)???????(measuring word
  associations)?????????????????????(computational
  representation),????????????????????????????

41

• Part 19 Meaning Text Theory
• 79. Igor Melcuk et al., Introduction, in
  Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire du
  Français Contemporain (1984), pp. 316
• 80. Igor Melcuk et al., articles on admiration,
  admirer, désespoir, enthousiasme, envie,
  étonnement, étonner, sétonner, in Dictionnaire
  Explicatif et Combinatoire du Français
  Contemporain (1984), pp. 547, 902, 97105
• 81. Igor Melcuk, Semantic Description of
  Lexical Units in an Explanatory Combinatorial
  Dictionary Basic Principles and Heuristic
  Criteria, International Journal of Lexicography,
  1, 3, 1988, pp. 16588
• 82. Igor Melcuk, Collocations dans le
  dictionnaire, in Th. Szende (ed.), Les écarts
  culturels dans les Dictionnaires bilingues
  (Paris Honoré Champion, 2003), pp. 1964

42

• Part 20 Statistics of Word Association
• 83. Michael Lesk, Automatic Sense Disambiguation
  Using Machine Readable Dictionaries How to Tell
  a Pine Cone from an Ice Cream Cone, in
  Proceedings of the 1986 SIGDOC Conference (New
  York Association for Computing
• Machinery, 1986), pp. 246
• 84. Michael Lesk, They Said True Things, But
  Called Them by Wrong Names Vocabulary Problems
  Over Time in Retrieval, Proceedings of the 1988
  Waterloo OED Conference (University of Waterloo,
  Ontario, 1988), pp. 110
• 85. Kenneth Church and Patrick Hanks, Word
  Association Norms, Mutual Information, and
  Lexicography, Proceedings of the 27th Annual
  Meeting of the Association for Computational
  Linguistics, 1990, edited version reprinted in
  Computational Linguistics, 16, 1, 1990, pp. 229
• 86. Gregory Grefenstette, Multilingual
  Corpus-Based Extraction and the Very Large
  Lexicon, Languages and Computers, 43, 1, 2002,
  pp. 13749
• 87. Patrick Pantel and Dekang Lin, Discovering
  Word Senses from Text, in Proceedings of ACM
  SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data
  Mining 2002 (Edmonton, Canada, 2002), pp. 61319
• 88. Robert C. Moore, On Log-Likelihood-Ratios
  and the Significance of Rare Events, in Dekang
  Lin and Dekai Wu (eds.), Proceedings of EMNLP
  2004 (Barcelona Association for Computational
  Linguistics, 2004), pp. 33340
• 89. Adam Kilgarriff, How Dominant is the
  Commonest Sense of a Word?, in P. Sojka, I.
  Kopecek, and K. Pala (eds.), Text, Speech,
  Dialogue Lecture Notes in Artificial
  Intelligence (Berlin, Heidelberg Springer,
  2004), pp. 10311
• 90. Adam Kilgarriff, Pavel Rychly, Pavel Smrz,
  David Tugwell (2004), The sketch engine
  (www.sketchengine.co.uk/sketch-engine-elx04.pdf.
  2004)

43

• Part 21 Lexical Resources for Computational
  Language Processing
• 91. Harold R. Robison, Computer-Detectable
  Semantic Structures, Information Storage and
  Retrieval, 6, 3, 1970, pp. 27388
• 92. George Miller and Christiane Fellbaum (1991),
  Semantic Networks of English, Cognition, 41,
  13, 1991, special issue edited by B. Levin and
  S. Pinker, pp. 197229
• 93. Simon C. Dik, Linguistically Motivated
  Knowledge Representation, in M. Nagao (ed.),
  Language and Artificial Intelligence (Amsterdam
  North Holland Publishers, 1986), pp. 14570
• 94. Piek Vossen and Laura Bloksma, Categories
  and Classifications in EuroWordNet, in Antonio
  Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro, and
  Antonio Tejada (eds.), Proceedings of First
  International Conference on Language Resources
  and Evaluation, Granada, 2830 May 1998, pp.
  399408
• 95. Piek Vossen, Wim Peters, and Julio Gonzalo,
  Towards a Universal Index of Meaning, in
  Proceedings of ACL-99 Workshop, Siglex-99,
  Standardizing Lexical Resources (College Park,
  Maryland University of Maryland, 1999), pp. 8190

44

• Part 22 Computational Representation of the
  Lexicon
• 96. James Pustejovsky and Bran Boguraev, Lexical
  Knowledge Representation and Natural Language
  Processing, Artificial Intelligence, 63, 1993,
  pp. 193223
• 97. Ann A. Copestake and Ted Briscoe,
  Semi-Productive Polysemy and Sense Extension,
  Journal of Semantics, 12, 1995, pp. 1567
• 98. Sergej Nirenburg, Homer, the Author of The
  Iliad and the Computational-Linguistic Turn
• 99. Graeme Hirst and Jane Morris, Non-classical
  Lexical Semantic Relations, Workshop on
  Computational Lexical Semantics, Human Language
  Technology Conference of the North American
  Chapter of the Association for Computational
  Linguistics, Boston, May 2004

45
III. ????????????
???
Lexicology A Short Introduction by M. A. K.
Halliday (Author), Colin Yallop (Author)
Publisher Continuum International Publishing
Group (2007)
46

• This book presents a concise survey of
  lexicology.
• It surveys the study of words, providing an
  overview of basic issues in defining and
  understanding the word as a unit of language.
• It include a section on meaning, with discussions
  of etymology, a social view, cognitive
  linguistics, translation, and other topics.
• It also examines the history of lexicology, the
  evolution of dictionaries and developments in the
  field.

47

• The first section of the book is a survey of the
  study of words, providing students with an
  overview of basic issues in defining and
  understanding the word as a unit of language.
  This section also examines the history of
  lexicology, the evolution of dictionaries and
  recent developments in the field.
• The second section extends this study of
  lexicology into the relationship between words
  and meaning, etymology, prescription, language as
  social phenomenon and translation.

48

• Table of Contents
• Lexicology   M. A. K. Halliday     1What is a
  word?     1Methods in lexicology the
  dictionary     5Methods in lexicology the
  thesaurus     11History of lexicology India,
  China, the Islamic world, Europe     16Evolution
  of the dictionary and the thesaurus in
  England     19Words and Meaning   Colin
  Yallop     23Words in language     23

• Words and meaning     24Etymology     33Prescrip
  tion     42A social view of language and
  meaning     50Saussure and Firth     56Cognitive
  linguistics     62Language and
  reality     66Language and languages     78Trans
  lation     88The Future of Lexicology   M. A. K.
  Halliday     94Recent developments in
  lexicology     94Sources and resources     100Gl
  ossary     104References     110Index     115

49
???
English Lexicology. Lexical Structure, Word
Semantics, and Word- Formation. by Leonhard
Lipka Publisher Narr (2002)
50

• This book aims to provide a modern,
  comprehensive, interdisciplinary survey of all
  relevant aspects of English and general
  lexicology.
• On the basis of the thoroughly revised former
  Outline of English Lexicology it represents the
  state of the art in 2002.
• As an introduction to be used in university
  courses it gives an up-to-date survey of
  approaches to all aspects of words and their
  functions and to the English vocabulary.
• In particular, the book stresses the productive
  processes in the lexicon, i.e. dynamic
  lexicology, and offers new and so far neglected
  perspectives.
• Besides discussing lexical structure, word
  semantics and word-formation, English Lexicology
  offers new directions in going beyond a purely
  language-immanent, structuralist approach.

51

• The referent of a word is not regarded as a
  purely mental conceptual unit, but as a concrete
  entity or a class of objects with certain
  properties.
• Thus, visual and other perceptual phenomena play
  a prominent role in modern lexicology as well.
• Also, words, as a subclass of signs, are
  considered in use, esp. their functions in texts
  and situations.
• Not only pragmatic and semiotic approaches are
  incorporated, but also Cognitive Linguistics,
  such as conceptual aspects of categorization,
  metaphor and metonymy.

52
???
Words, Meaning and Vocabulary An Introduction to
Modern English Lexicology by Howard Jackson
(Author), Etienne Ze Amvela Publisher Continuum
International Publishing Group 2 edition (2007)
53

• This textbook is a systematic and accessible
  introduction to the lexicology of modern English.
• Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that
  studies all aspects of the vocabulary of a
  particular language.
• The book provides an account of the sources of
  modern English words and studies the development
  of vocabulary over time.
• It examines What are words? Where do English
  words come from? How are words made up? How do
  words 'mean'? How are words used? How can words
  be investigated?
• This new edition of the best-selling textbook has
  been revised and updated throughout.
• A new chapter has been added, and chapters on
  dictionaries and corpus linguistics have been
  updated. Lists of exercises and figures,
  summaries of content at the beginning of each
  chapter, a revised list of suggestions for
  further reading, and a new glossary have been
  added.
• Words, Meaning and Vocabulary is an essential
  introduction to lexicology for undergraduate
  students.

54

• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• List of exercises
• Preface to the Second Edition
• 1. What is Lexicology?
• 2. Where do English Words Come From?
• 3. The Word

• 4. Word Formation
• 5. Meaning Relations
• 6. Words in Use
• 7. Investigating Vocabulary
• 8. Words in Dictionaries
• Key to Exercises
• Glossary

55
IV. ????????????
??1983???????????1997?????????????????2002???
????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,????
?????????????????????????
???????????????,????????,?????????????????????????
?,??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????,????????????????????
???????,????????????????????????(??),?????????
??????????
56
???? ??????
???? ???????
???? ??????
???? ????
???? ??????
???? ?????
???? ?????
???? ?????????
57
???? ???????????
???? ????????
????? ?????
????? ????
????? ?????????
????? ????
????? ????????
????? ????????
58
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????
????,???????????????????????,????????????????,????
????
???????????????????????????
???????,???????????????????!
59
Thank you for your attention!