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UPA Package 3, Module 1

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... Urban Fringe Development and the Poor. UPA Package 3, Module 1. SUBURBANIZATION, URBAN FRINGE DEVELOPMENT ... A newly built industrial area in the urban fringe ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: UPA Package 3, Module 1


1
UPA Package 3, Module 1
  • SUBURBANIZATION, URBAN
    FRINGE DEVELOPMENT AND THE POOR


2
Contents
  • Understanding concepts
  • Suburbs
  • Factors contributing to suburbanization
  • push factors
  • pull factors
  • Problems of the poor associated with
    suburbanization
  • Problems of the poor in abandoned inner cities
  • Problems of the poor in the suburbs
  • Some smart solutions to suburban sprawl

3.1.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
3
Suburbs
  • Defined
  • Literally means beyond the city, can refer to
    any settlement at the periphery of a large city
  • A small town in the process of being swallowed up
    by an expanding metropolis
  • A newly built industrial area in the urban fringe
  • A residential community beyond the core of a
    large city
  • By Robert Fishman, 1996


4
  • Politically independent municipalities located
    outside the corporate boundaries but within an
    interdependent metropolitan area.
    (Patrick J.
    Ashton, 1978)
  • Need not be a separate political unit from the
    central city.
    (Robert
    Fishman, 1996)

3.1.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
5
  • Characteristics
  • Separate from the urban core but dependent on it
    economically and culturally.
  • In terms of design, distinct from both city and
    countryside but a marriage of town and
    country.
  • Distinctive mark Primacy of the single-detached
    family home in an open park-like setting.

6
  • Characteristics (U.S.)
  • peripheral growth
  • low density
  • functional segregation of land uses
  • lengthening journeys to work and market
  • ubiquitous cars, trucks and highways
  • mainly residential use with some commercial,
    office and industrial nodes
  • typically middle class lifestyle

7
Underlying Values
  • Primacy of the family and the ties that bind it
  • Necessity of privacy of the family unit
  • Need to separate the domestic sphere from the
    world of work
  • Visions of integrated neighborhood parks, lower
    residential densities, and tree-lined streets in
    garden cities by social reformers (e.g.
    Ebenezer Howard, Frederick Law Olmstead).
  • Search for class-segregated neighborhoods which
    the older city could not provide.
  • Desire for class segregation (friction theory,
    Lesson 2)
  • growing uneasiness at close contact between
    classes
  • rejection of neighbourhoods that make such
    contact inevitable


3.1.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
8
Suburbanization
  • Historical Stages
  • Suburbanization during the early industrial stage
  • Suburbanization up to the period of late
    industrialization
  • Post-industrial suburbanization

9
  • Early Industrial Stage
  • Only the elite could afford to live in the
    suburbs because they had the time and money to
    commute by horse and carriage.
  • Later advent of the trolley and ferry boat
    allowed the upper middle class to escape urban
    slums because they could afford the price of
    developed suburban properties offered by real
    estate interests.
  • Both upper class residential retreats and upper
    middle class streetcar suburbs did not make a
    significant shift in the population.

3.1.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
10
  • Later Industrial Stage
  • Decentralization of industry was triggered by
  • deterioration of the physical environment due to
    air and water pollution.
  • escalating hostility between classes started to
    threaten capitalist prerogatives and profits.
  • development of electric power which allowed for
    the introduction of assembly line production
    requiring sprawling one to two storey plants in
    more spacious, cheaper land in the citys
    periphery.

3.1.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
11
  • As industry moved out of the city workers
    followed to be close to their jobs. This was
    aided by
  • widely available inexpensive automobiles which
    became a social and economic necessity.
  • massive road building that provided easy access
    to the suburbs.
  • Federal subsidy to low-density detached,
    owner-occupied single-family housing available
    mainly in the suburbs.

12
  • Later Industrial Stage
  • Federal government-built industrial plants in the
    suburbs that were commissioned during World War
    II.
  • The outward exodus of jobs and households reached
    its peak from the post war years to the 1960s,
    further facilitated by the truck-auto-freeway
    trilogy that
  • opened suburban areas for efficient motor
    freight movement
  • enhanced employee access
  • Circumferential by-pass roads and downtown -
    oriented corridors promoted outlying industrial
    growth

13
  • Post Industrial Stage
  • From the 1970s onwards the character of suburbs
    reflects the tertiarization of the urban economy.
  • Decentralization of offices including corporate
    headquarters from their usual central location to
    the suburbs
  • Suburbanization of large shopping malls and
    superstores.
  • Emergence of information technology-based
    establishments such as business and industrial
    parks, science and technology parks, airport
    corridors and the like.


14
  • Contributory factors (push factors)
  • City center became undesirable place due to
  • physical disamenities like traffic, noise, dirty
    air, filthy grounds, visual ugliness
  • deteriorating social relations among classes
    the alienating, exploitative treatment of labor
    by capital and the unruly, threatening behavior
    of working classes.
  • Fear of contagion of the rich by the poor led to
    suburban flight of the rich.
  • Land values rising steeply, making central
    locations expensive.

15
  • Rising property tax necessary to support urban
    public services drove property owners out
  • Post war (1948-1958) formation of new households
    coupled with backlogs of unfilled demand for
    separate housing due to the war.
  • Vacant lands in old city centers insufficient or
    unsuitable for residential building.
  • Urban renewal too slow to make new housing
    available.
  • Destruction of old housing during urban renewal
    created serious housing backlogs in inner cities.

16
  • The pull factors
  • The pull of the rural ideal.
  • Supply of urban space plentiful in the urban
    fringe.
  • Individuals becoming able to pay for their means
    of mobility (car).
  • Society supports a far-flung urban system through
    investments in roads and railways.

17
  • Federal aid to housing encouraged building
    single-detached family houses in suburban sites.
  • Transfer of retail shopping malls from downtown
    to suburbs added attractiveness to suburban
    living.
  • Perceived advantages of buying suburban homes by
    young couples.

18
Socio-Spatial Effects
  • Suburbanization has given rise to the
    metropolitan area comprising
  • the mother or core city
  • several smaller cities / towns functionally
    linked with or dependent on the mother city
  • Late 20th century suburbanization is
    characterized by sprawl development

19
  • Suburban sprawl described
  • Scattered on leapfrog development.
  • Auto-oriented commercial strips along roadsides
    in the urban fringe.
  • Large expanses of low-density, single-use
    development which isolates living, working and
    shopping places from each other.
  • Absence of civic traditions and a sense of
    community.

20
  • Problems associated with suburbanization
    affecting the poor
  • Loss of jobs in inner cities
  • Inner cities shifted from manufacturing to
    business and office locations jobs changed from
    blue collar to white collar.
  • Inner city residents lost their manufacturing
    jobs but the new jobs nearest to their residence
    are those they are least capable of filling.
  • Suburban flight of high income whites meant loss
    of a source of basic entry jobs for female
    domestics and male yard workers.

21
  • Longer journeys to work
  • Hard core unemployed lack automobiles for
    driving to work hence, are less preferred by
    suburban employers.
  • Inner city residents who find suburban jobs are
    adversely affected by lack of transportation,
    inadequate public transit routing, and excessive
    costs in time and money.
  • Reverse commuting disadvantageous to the poor in
    the inner city.
  • Car-less suburban poor are disadvantaged

22
  • Fiscal crisis in inner cities
  • Suburban flight of rich residents depresses
    rents and tax revenues of core local authorities.
  • The poor are left behind and suffer from reduced
    urban services.
  • Additional poor move in to take advantage of
    declining rent, competing for diminishing urban
    services.
  • New investors are unwilling to invest in areas
    of decline making jobs harder to find.

23
  • Progressive loss of farm lands
  • More severely felt in land-short countries where
    many of the poor are farmers whose lands are
    being converted to residential subdivisions and
    industrial estates.
  • Unavailable housing in suburbs
  • Cost of housing and zoning restrictions in
    sub-urban subdivisions keep low-income workers
    out of the suburbs

24
Formal Exclusionary Policies of Suburban
Authorities
  • Large-lot zoning - large lots required
    effectively excludes the low-income families
  • Exclusion of multiple dwellings - assures
    uniformity of residents (high-income only)
  • Minimum floor areas - spacious homes are
    mandated, unaffordable to the poor
  • High subdivision requirements - specification of
    architectural style, landscape guidelines, and
    underground utilities.

25
Informal Strategies of Suburban Communities to
Reinforce Written Rules
  • Public hearings
  • Pickets, demonstrations
  • Boycotts
  • Support by national citizen-advocate groups
  • Legal threats, lawsuits
  • Sit-ins
  • Referendum
  • Influencing sympathetic politicians

26
Some Smart Solutions
  • British policy of urban containment
  • Green belt policy
  • New and expanded towns
  • Mass transit systems
  • French Suburbanization
  • Reserves the city center for the gentry.
  • Working class are moved to suburban industrial
    belts.

3.I.4 Suburbanization, Urban Fringe
Development and the Poor
27
  • American ideas
  • Strong central cities and infill development
  • Compact and transit-oriented development
  • Maintaining agriculture and open space
  • Taming superstores
  • Better suburban workplaces
  • Removal of government policies that contribute
    to exclusion of low-income groups from suburbia
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