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Voice Therapy: Following the Evidence Trail

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Title: Voice Therapy: Following the Evidence Trail


1
Voice Therapy Following the Evidence Trail
  • Joseph C. Stemple, Ph.D.
  • Lisa B. Thomas, M.A., Doctoral Candidate

2
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4
Voice Therapy Orientations
  • Hygienic
  • Symptomatic
  • Physiologic
  • Eclectic

5
Hygienic Voice Therapy
  • Discover the behavioral causes of the voice
    disorder modify/eliminate of the causes to
    improve the voice
  • Organized and promoted by every text related to
    voice disorders
  • There is often a behavioral cause for a voice
    disorder discover, modify/eliminate it and the
    voice improves

6
Symptomatic Voice Therapy
  • Modification of deviant vocal symptoms such as
    breathiness, inappropriate pitch, loudness, hard
    glottal attacks, and so on
  • Organized and promoted by Daniel Boone in his
    text The Voice and Voice Therapy (1971)
  • If the voice component is inappropriate, modify
    that component with voice facilitating techniques

7
Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Based on expanded knowledge of vocal function as
    evaluated through objective voice assessment and
    measurement
  • Strives to improve the relationship or balance
    among voice respiratory support, laryngeal muscle
    strength, control and stamina, and and
    supraglottic modification of the laryngeal tone

8
Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Presented by Colton and Casper (1990) and
    Stemple, Glaze, and Gerdeman (1993)
  • Concentrates on the modification of the
    underlying physiology of the voice producing
    mechanisms respiration, phonation, resonance

9
Eclectic Voice Therapy
  • Combination of any and all of the previous
    orientations to affect positive vocal change
  • Voice pathologists should be aware of all
    management approaches and use those which are
    most effective not only for the patient, but for
    the therapist as well

10
What do we mean by following the evidence
trail?
  • Many voice therapy interventions have become
    standard practice with limited supporting data
  • Clinical/medical/surgical practices have
    out-paced the scientific evidence to support them
    Why?
  • Patients continue to show up at our doors
  • We will continue to treat them with techniques
    that APEAR to work

11
Is Research Support Necessary in Clinical
Practice?
  • How do we know that what we do in therapy
    actually does what it is meant to do?
  • How do we know that therapy success was the
    technique and not the therapist?
  • How many techniques and approaches do we use from
    habit or because they seem to work?
  • How many of us blindly follow the latest therapy
    fad without the benefit of good data?

12
Research Support cont
  • Outcomes data should serve as the foundation of
    clinical practice in voice pathology.
  • Why?
  • Concerns revolve around objective accountability
  • Research funding has centered on the form and
    quality of clinical outcome studies
  • NIH Roadmap

13
History of Outcomes Research in Voice
  • Earliest reports 1940s
  • Case Studies, Anecdotal reports
  • 1980s and early 1990s
  • Instrumentation advances
  • Dramatic increase in number of outcome studies
  • Primarily survey and retrospective studies. Some
    group studies SS designs emerge.
  • Lack of control and research rigor

14
History of Outcomes Research in Voice
  • Studies of the 1990s and 2000s
  • Instrumentation advances
  • Increased rigor in designs
  • Lines of research developing
  • Ex LSVT, Ramig et al. (1995)

15
Decisions Regarding the Content of the Review
16
Review Process Phase 1
  • Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, ASHA journals (1980
    present)
  • Search terms voice therapy, efficacy, outcomes,
    voice disorders
  • Total citations 124
  • 41 inappropriate population (SD, IPD)
  • 46 not related to treatment efficacy, outcomes
  • 7 non-English
  • 30 studies for review

17
Review Process Phase 2
  • Historical search from pertinent readings 38
    additional studies
  • Review Process Phase 3
  • Review, categorization, and rating of studies
  • Butler and Darrah (2001) 5 level rating system

18
Hygiene Therapy Evidence
  • Direct treatment of voice appears superior to
    vocal hygiene training
  • Verdolini-Marston et al. (1995)
  • Carding Horsley (1992)
  • Carding et al (1999)
  • Roy et al. (2001)
  • Holmberg et al. (2001)
  • Pasa et al. (2007) contradictory results (VH
    increase in knowledge, decrease in self-reported
    symptoms, however, no significant change in
    direct measures of MPFR or MPT)

19
Hygiene Evidence
Group hygiene training yields change in knowledge
but no change in behavior
  • Knowledge
  • Nilson and Schneiderman (1983)
  • Aaron and Madison (1991)
  • Pasa et al. (2007)
  • Behavior
  • Broaddus-Lawrence et al. (2000)
  • Timmermans et al. (2004, 2005)
  • Chan (1994)

20
Hygiene Evidence
  • Hydration reduces phonatory effort
  • Verdolini et al. (1994)
  • Verdolini-Marston et al. (1990, 1994)
  • Solomon and DiMattia (2003)
  • Fisher et al. (2001)
  • Hydration increases vocal endurance
  • Yiu and Chan (2003)

21
HygieneConclusions Implications
  • Few large scale studies support the therapeutic
    benefit of general hygiene education
  • Growing support for use of hydration
  • Hygiene should be used only as an adjunct to
    direct forms of treatment.
  • Future work
  • Monitor / quantify compliance
  • Increase number of studies on disordered
    populations

22
Symptomatic Therapy Evidence
  • Primarily case reports and anecdotal evidence
  • Few group studies
  • Majority of methods have Level IV and V evidence
  • Many methods have no published evidence

23
Symptomatic Evidence
  • Evidence supports use of biofeedback
  • EMG
  • Prosek et al (1978) Stemple et al. (1980)
    Andrews et al. (1986)
  • Acoustic / Aerodyanamic
  • Yamaguchi et al. (1986) Laukkanen et al. (2004)

  • Laryngeal Function
  • DAnontio (1987) Rattenbury et al. (2004)

24
Symptomatic TherapyConclusions Implications
  • One line of promising work - Biofeedback
  • Future Directions
  • Potential examination of theoretical bases of the
    methods
  • More rigorous research designs

25
Physiologic Therapy Evidence
  • Evidence
  • Physiologic / theoretical evidence
  • Clinical evidence
  • Majority, well-controlled group studies

26
Physiologic Clinical Evidence
  • Lines of research for 4 methods
  • Accent Method
  • Smith Thyme (1976) Kotby et al. (1991) Fex et
    al. (1994) Bassiouny (2001)
  • Vocal Function Exercises
  • Stemple et al. (1994) Sabol et al. (1995) Roy
    et al. (2001), Gillivan-Murphy et al. (2006),
    Bell et al. (2007)

27
Physiologic Evidence
  • Resonant Voice Therapy
  • Verdolini-Marston et al. (1995) Chen et al.
    (2003) Roy et al. (2003) Bell et al. (2007)
  • Manual Laryngeal Musculoskeletal Reduction
    Technique
  • Roy and Leeper (1993) Roy et al. (1997) Van
    Lierde et al. (2004)

28
Physiologic TherapyConclusions and Implications
  • Orientation came to forefront at time of efficacy
    emphasis
  • Evidence supports a shift from symptomatic Tx to
    physiologic Tx

29
Conclusions Implications
  • Orientations
  • Physiologic methods possess strongest support
  • Efficacy of hygiene training inconclusive
  • Lack of evidence for symptomatic therapy
  • Future Directions / Questions
  • Should symptomatic be examined or revised?
  • Determine ways of examining hygiene more fully
  • Consider / replicate model lines of research in
    voice

30
Does Science Support the Art of Voice Therapy?
  • Historically an art form
  • Shift to science base in 1990s 2000s.
  • Instrumentation
  • Societal focus on outcomes research
  • Current Tx models have scientific support

31
Full Review Published In
Thomas, L.B., Stemple, J.C. (2007). Voice
therapy Does science support the art?
Communicative Disorders Review, 1, 51-79.
32
Designing the Vocal Hygiene Protocol
33
Vocal Hygiene
  • Evidence suggests
  • VH does not stand alone as a treatment for voice
    disorders
  • Best used as a complement to other therapies
  • May insulate patient from further voice
    deterioration

34
Vocal Hygiene
  • May exert influence due to
  • Elimination of poor vocal habits which
    contributed to / perpetuated the disorder
  • Lays the foundation for progress
  • Maintaining the health of the vocal fold cover
  • Hydration
  • Reduction of acidic irritants or other irritants
    of the mucosal cover

35
Vocal Hygiene A Typical Protocol
  • Vocal hygiene counseling involves
  • identifying the abusive behaviors
  • describing the physiologic effects of those
    behaviors on the voice production mechanisms
  • defining the specific occurrences
  • modifying or eliminating the behavior

36
Vocal Hygiene Components of a Standard Protocol
  • Water intake considerations
  • Manage intake of dehydrating substances
  • Multiple forms beverages, OTC meds, prescription
    meds, etc.
  • Deal with chronic throat clearing / coughing
  • Substitute behaviors

37
Components of a Standard Protocol
  • Strategic management of acoustic environment
  • Diligent reflux management
  • Symptomatic, Asymptomatic cases
  • Vocal warm-ups as needed

38
Vocal Hygiene Final Thoughts
  • Vocal rest vs. Modified vocal rest
  • Dictating vs. strategizing
  • The KEY is patient education and patient
    understanding

39
Planning Physiologic Voice Therapy Protocols
40
Research Support for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • What are physiologic voice therapies exactly?
  • Good question (Probably just an academic term)
  • Seems to relate to a therapy program involving
    exercises or vocal maneuvers that attend to all
    three subsystems of voice production at once,
    respiration, phonation, and resonance

41
Research Support for Physiologic Voice Therapy
cont
  • These therapy programs are most often described
    as physiologic approaches to voice therapy
  • Accent Method
  • Lee Silverman Voice Therapy
  • Resonant Voice Therapy (LMRVT)
  • Vocal Function Exercises

42
Why is Treating the Physiology Critical?
  • Diagnosis Symptoms, pattern of production,
    etc.
  • Example Nodules
  • Example Paralysis
  • Individualized responses to pathology
  • Universal Goal Restore to normal physiology,
    normal efficiency
  • Treatment Need holistic method to restore normal
    physiology
  • Implication Some physiologic therapies
    applicable across a broad range of pathologies

43
Vocal Function Exercises
  • A series of systematic voice manipulations,
    similar in theory to physical therapy for the
    vocal folds, designed to strengthen and
    coordinate the laryngeal musculature, and to
    improve the efficiency of the relationship among
    airflow, vocal fold vibration, and supraglottic
    treatment of phonation

44
Vocal Function Exercises cont
  • Long sustained tones
  • Maximal pitch glides
  • Efficient posturing of the voice producing
    mechanism to permit maximum output with minimal
    effort

45
Genesis of VFE
  • Bertram Briess
  • Robert Stimpert
  • Jan Barnes

46
Vocal Function Exercises Primary Research Support
  • Stemple J, Lee L, DAmico B, Pickup B (1994)
    Efficacy of Vocal Function Exercises as a method
    of improving voice production. J Voice, 8
    271-278.
  • Double-blind, placebo-controlled study
  • 35 females ages 21-25 with normal voice
  • Pre and post-test acoustic, aerodynamic, and
    videostroboscopic measures
  • Performed VFE 2x each 2x per day for 4 weeks

47
Stemple et al., 1994, cont
  • Results
  • Maximized use of phonation flow volume
  • Decreased airflow rates
  • Increased maximum phonation time
  • Increased frequency range
  • Improved the symmetry of vibration
  • Average VFE phonation times increased with
    plateau at 2 weeks

48
Vocal Function Exercise Research Support cont
  • Sabol J, Lee L, Stemple J (1995) The value of
    Vocal Function Exercises in the practice regimen
    of singers. J Voice, 9 27-36.
  • 20 university graduate level opera majors ranging
    in age from 26-39 years (men) and 21-43 years
    (women)
  • Pre and post-test acoustic, aerodynamic, and
    videostroboscopic measures as well as perceptual
    questionnaire
  • Performed VFE 2x each 2x per day for 4 weeks
    along with regular singing activities

49
Sabol et al., 1995, cont
  • Results
  • Decreased airflow rates at both high and low
    pitches (intensity and pitch were held steady for
    pre and post-test)
  • Increased MPT at all pitch levels
  • Reported improvement in dynamic range control
  • Average VFE times increased with plateau at 3
    weeks

50
Vocal Function Exercise Research Support cont
  • Roy N, Gray S, Ebert M, Dove H, Corbin-Lewis K,
    Stemple J (2001) An evaluation of the effects of
    two treatments for teachers with voice disorders
    A randomized clinical trial. JSHR, 44 286-296.
  • Assessed the functional effects of Vocal Hygiene
    and VFE on 58 school teachers with self-reported
    voice problems
  • Subjects were randomly assigned to VFE, VH and
    control groups
  • Treatment phase lasted for 6 weeks
  • Pre and post Voice Handicap Index (VHI) were
    completed by all subjects

51
Vocal Function Exercise Research Support cont
  • Results
  • Control group worse
  • Vocal Hygiene group no change
  • VFE group significant improvement

52
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Vocal Function Exercises
  • a series of systematic voice manipulations,
    similar in theory to physical therapy for the
    vocal folds, designed to strengthen and
    coordinate the laryngeal musculature, and to
    improve the efficiency of the relationship among
    airflow, vocal fold vibration, and supraglottic
    treatment of phonation

53
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • What is made of multiple cartilages, muscles, and
    connective tissue and is a jointed system which
    may become injured, weakened, or imbalanced in
    its function?

54
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Your Knee

55
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Rehabilitation for injuries of the knee
  • rest to reduce edema
  • appropriate supports, casts, bracings, and wraps
    as needed
  • ambulatory devices
  • systematic exercise
  • continuation of previous activities

56
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Your Larynx

57
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • Rehabilitation for Injuries of the Larynx
  • sometimes voice rest
  • vocal hygiene counseling
  • modify symptoms
  • continuation of previous voicing activities

58
Strategies for Physiologic Voice Therapy
  • MISSING ELEMENT

59
Direct Systematic Exercises
  • Restrengthening and coordinating the laryngeal
    musculature
  • Enhancing the relationship of the three
    subsystems of voice production

60
Four Steps
  • Warm up
  • Stretching Exercise
  • Contracting Exercise
  • Adductory Strengthening Exercise

61
Resonance
Phonation
Respiration
62
Vocal Function Exercises
  • (warm-up) Sustain the vowel /i/ for as long as
    possible on the musical note (F)
  • Goal __ sec (F above middle (C) for females
    F below middle (C) for males)

63
Vocal Function Exercises
  • Posture
  • Breathing
  • Placement
  • Onset

64
Vocal Function Exercises
  • (stretching) Glide from your lowest note to your
    highest note on the word knoll, whoop, tongue
    trill, lip trill
  • Goal no voice breaks

ol
Lip Buzz
Pharynx
Lips
65
Vocal Function Exercises
  • (contracting) Glide from a comfortable high note
    to your lowest note on the word knoll, boom,
    tongue trill, lip trill
  • Goal no voice breaks

66
Vocal Function Exercises
  • (power) Sustain the musical notes (C-D-E-F-G) for
    as long as possible on the word old without the
    /d/.
  • Goal __ sec. (middle (C) females, octave below
    middle (C) males

67
Pitch Modifications
  • G A B C D E F G A B C
  • G A B C D E F G A B C
  • G A B C D E F G A B C

68
Vocal Function Exercises
  • notes are matched to a pitch pipe, tape recorder,
    key board, piano
  • daily record is charted by the patient
  • estimated time of completion 8-10 weeks
  • some patients experience minor laryngeal aching
    the first few days of exercise

69
Vocal Function Exercises
  • all exercises are done 2 x each, 2 x per day
  • all exercises are done as softly as possible, but
    engaged
  • quality of tone is monitored for breaks,
    wavering, and breathiness
  • extreme care is taken to teach the production in
    a forward tone focus without tension
  • attention is paid to the glottal onset of the
    tone to assure an easy onset without breathiness
  • appropriate breathing technique is assured

70
Explanation to the Patient
  • Admit that it seems silly
  • Compare it to workout program, physical therapy,
    weight lifting, etc.
  • Stress the necessity of systematic exercise
    without breaks
  • Explain that the times do not increase due to
    increased lung capacity

71
Advantages for the Patient
  • Easily understood, reasonable model
  • Systematic, permits plotting of progress
  • Patient must attend to the voice at least 2 times
    per day
  • Involves doing something positive as opposed to
    the dont dos

72
Vocal Function Exercises
  • Maintenance Schedule
  • Full program 2 x each 2 x per day
  • Full program 2 x each 1 x per day
  • Full program 1 x each 1 x per day
  • Exercise 4 2 x each 1 x per day
  • Exercise 4 1 x each 1 x per day
  • Exercise 4 1 x each 3 x per week
  • Exercise 4 1 x each 1 x per week

Each taper involves approximately 1 week
73
Future Research
  • Clinical populations
  • Measurement strategies
  • Study the underlying physiologic principles of
    the training modalities

74
Resonant Voice Therapy
  • Lessac (1965)
  • The well-placed voice yields optimal functioning
    of respiratory, phonatory, and resonance systems

  • Titze (2003)
  • RV maximum transfer of power through the vocal
    tract from glottis to lips and ultimately to the
    listener
  • Proper energy conversion at the vocal folds
    results in excellent propagation of sound --
    vibrations of the glottal tone can extend into
    the facial regions

75
Resonant Voice Therapy
  • RV produced with vocal folds barely separated
  • Berry (2001)
  • Glottic configuration observed in RV produces
    maximum transfer of sound through vocal tract
  • Implications Glottal configuration for RV is
    most efficient use of the system

76
Resonant Voice Therapy
  • Voice production involving oral vibratory
    sensations, usually on the anterior alveolar
    ridge or higher in the face
  • In the context of easy phonation
  • Where resonant voice is a continuum of oral
    sensations and easy phonation builds from basic
    speech gestures through conversational speech

77
Resonant Voice Therapy
  • Training methodologies are experiential, focusing
    on the processing of sensory information
  • The training model assumes similar approaches for
    voice restoration and enhancing the normal voice
    (excellence training)

78
Resonant Voice Therapy
  • Fundamental perceptual target is focused, oral
    vibratory sensations in the context of easy
    phonation.
  • The singular training focus (resonance) is
    expected to affect multiple levels of physiology
    (breathing and laryngeal).
  • Large numbers of repetitions are used, in varying
    speech contexts.
  • Training is strongly goal (results) driven,
    involving a dogged insistence upon the greatest
    possible precision in the achievement of the
    perceptual tasks.

79
Resonant Voice TherapyPrimary Clinical Support
  • 4 clinical studies
  • Verdolini-Marston et al., 1995
  • Roy et al., 2003
  • Chen et al., 2003

80
Basic RVT Training Maneuvers
  • Stretches and Breathing Warm-Ups
  • Shoulders
  • Neck
  • Jaw
  • Floor of Mouth
  • Lips
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx

81
Basic Training Gesture for RT (This is Step 1
for all stages of RT)
  • Holm-molm-molm-molm-molm..As a sigh
  • Extreme forward focus is required with
    appropriate breath support
  • Make the connection from the abdominal muscles to
    the lips
  • Patient should feel very relaxed at the end of
    this gesture

82
RT Hierarchy Stage 1 All Voiced
  • molm-molm-molm.. (sustained pitch) ____ note
  •  - vary the rate only
  • - discover the vibrations experiment with
    broad and narrow vibrations
  • - eventually focus on the narrow vibration
    like a narrow beam of light
  • - increase the ease of production by reducing
    the effort by 1/2 and 1/2 again
  • - increase lift (as if pitch were
    increasing)

83
RT Hierarchy Stage 1 All Voiced
  • 2. molm-molm-molm..
  • slow-fast-slow
  • soft-loud-soft on ____ note
  • 3.  molm-molm-molm.. as speech
  • use non-linguistic phrase
  • vary the rate, pitch, and loudness
  • make the connection from the abdominal muscles to
    the lips

84
RT Hierarchy Stage 1 All Voiced
  • 4. Chant the following voiced phrases on the
    musical note ___
  • Mary made me mad.
  • My mother made marmalade.
  • My merry mom made marmalade.
  • My mom may marry Marv.
  • My merry mom may marry Marv.
  • Marv made my mother merry.
  • 5. Over-inflect these phrases as speech

85
RT Hierarchy STAGE 2 Voice-Voiceless
Contrasts
  • Basic Training Gesture
  • 1. mamapapa.. vary the rate on ___ note
  • 2. mamapapa..
  • slow-fast-slow
  • soft-loud-soft on ___ note
  • 3. mamapapa.. As speech
  • use non-linguistic phrases
  • vary the rate, pitch, and loudness
  • make the connection from the abdominal muscles to
    the lips

86
RT Hierarchy STAGE 2 Voice-Voiceless Contrasts
  • 4. Chant the following voiced/voiceless phrases
    on the musical note ___ 
  • Mom may put Paul on the moon.
  • Mom told Tom to copy my manner.
  • My manner made Pete and Paul mad.
  • Mom may move Pollys movie to ten.
  • My movie made Tim and Tom sad.
  •  5. Over-inflect these phrases as speech
  •  

87
RT Hierarchy STAGE 3 ANY PHRASE 
  • Basic Training Gesture
  • Produce the following phrases in sequence as
    follows
  • First, chant the phrase on the note___, (no
    breath)
  • Then over-inflect it with extreme forward focus,
    and
  • Then finally repeat it as natural speech with a
    forward focus.
  • Note Each individual phrase should be produced
    following this 3-step sequence before moving onto
    the next phrase.

88
RT Hierarchy STAGE 3 ANY PHRASE
  • - All the girls were laughing.
  • - Get there before they close.
  • - Did you hear what she said?
  • - Come in and close the door.
  • - Are you going tonight?
  • - Put everything away.
  • - Come whenever you can.
  • - We heard that yesterday.
  • - The player broke his leg.
  • - The children went swimming.
  •  
  •  

89
RT Hierarchy Stage 4 Paragraph Reading
  • read a paragraph with phrase markers
  • separate each phrase only by the natural
    inhalation of air
  • exaggerate focus and then repeat with a more
    normal speech/voice production
  • repeat the above without phrase markers

90
RT Hierarchy Stage 5 Controlled Conversation
  • practice forward speech placement in
    conversation
  • do not permit glottal attacks, glottal fry, etc.

RT Hierarchy Stage 6 Environmental
Manipulations
simulate actual speaking environments
use tapes of background noise
go to noisy cafeteria

91
RT Hierarchy Stage 7 Emotional Manipulations
  • use materials and topics that increasingly engage
    and challenge the patient

RT Home Exercises
The critical portion of each exercise for each
week is tape recorded as a home exercise example.
15-20 minute home sessions, two times per day w
ith minis as needed 1. Stretches 2. Basic RV
gesture 3. Selected level of hierarchy
92
ConclusionsPhysiologic Voice Therapy
  • Some methods applicable across broad range of
    pathologies
  • Goal of these methods is to restore normal
    (efficient) laryngeal function

93
Strategies for Psychogenic Voice Therapy
  • The psychogenic voice disorders include
  • conversion aphonia
  • conversion dysphonia
  • muscle tension dysphonia
  • functional falsetto
  • juvenile voice
  • paradoxical vocal fold movement

94
Strategies for Psychogenic Voice Therapy
  • Management stages include
  • 1. Medical evaluation
  • -rule out organic pathology
  • -confirms the psychogenic diagnosis
  • 2. Diagnostic voice evaluation
  • -develops the history
  • -provides impression of patients personality
    and shows how functions socially
  • -gives physiologic rationale for voice problem
  • -prepares the patient for vocal change

95
Strategies for Psychogenic Voice Therapy
  • 3. Direct manipulation of the voice
  • -begins during the diagnostic evaluation
  • -expected result is dramatic change toward
    normal voice production
  • 4. Counseling
  • -determines the psychogenisis of the
    disorder
  • -determines the need for further professional
    counseling

96
Strategies for Psychogenic Voice Therapy
  • Conversion aphonia
  • non-speech phonation
  • cough
  • throat clear
  • gargle
  • falsetto voice technique
  • laryngeal videoendoscopy feedback
  • Conversion dysphonia
  • same as aphonia

97
Strategies for Psychogenic Voice Therapy
  • Functional falsetto
  • offer reasonable explanation
  • hard glottal attack approach
  • desensitization program
  • Vocal Function Exercises/Forward Focus

98
Treatment of Glottal Incompetence
  • Goal Improved closure, more efficient use of the
    system
  • Methods Same as those used to enhance the system
    with other behavioral conditions
  • Working on basic physiologic level rather than
    perceptual ideal

99
Case Study Bilateral True Vocal Fold Bowing and
Sulcus
  • 73 year old male
  • Active lecturer
  • Voice Quality
  • Mild to mod dysphonia, weak raspy hoarseness
  • Chief complaints
  • Voice fatigue
  • Laryngeal ache
  • Progressive hoarseness
  • Lack of clarity in voice
  • Inability to project voice

100
TREATMENT
  • Vocal Function Exercises 2x ea 2x per day
  • Airflow volume 3100 ml
  • Goal 3100/80 40 sec
  • 2-25-04 Baseline MPT 26.3 sec
  • 3-4-04 35.2 sec
  • 3-18-04 36.8 sec
  • 4-1-04 42.2 sec
  • 4-19-04 45.3 sec

101
Therapy Results
  • Normal voice quality
  • No voice fatigue
  • Ability to project voice

102
Case Study Left True Vocal Fold Paralysis
  • 70 year old female
  • retired teacher/active volunteer
  • May 21, 2004 Idiopathic LTVF Paralysis
  • Voice Quality moderate dysphonia, high pitch,
    weak breathy hoarseness
  • Chief Complaints
  • Hoarseness
  • Inability to project
  • Mild aspiration

103
Treatment
  • Vocal Function Exercises 2x ea 2x per day
  • Airflow Volume 2000 ml / 80 25 sec
  • 7-26-04 Baseline MPT 6.8 sec
  • 8-2-04 12.0 sec
  • 8-16-04 21.7 sec
  • 9-16-04 24.2 sec
  • 10-14-04 28.3 sec

104
Therapy Results
  • Mild dysphonia with occasional pitch breaks
  • Ability to project
  • No dysphagia

105
So, what type of voice therapy should we be
practicing?
  • Evidence-based
  • Hygiene - present, may not be effective
  • Symptomatic - limited, much more needed
  • Physiologic - most studied, effective, needs to
    be done with a wider population
  • Cart before the horse research
  • Understand that there are many therapy approaches
    that are probably, might be, may be equally as
    effective as those presented that have not been
    systematically examined
  • Every patient is a potential subject. Lets
    continue to explore

106
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107
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