principle of growth and development -psychology

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PSYCHOLOGY..
Report no.1

• Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak
  but courage is also what it takes to sit down and
  listen. 

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Principles of growth and development

• Principles -a fundamental,  primary, or
  general law or truth from which others are
  derived.

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Principles of growth and development

• GROWTH-
• Development-

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Principles of growth and development

• GROWTH-  refers to an increase in some quantity
  over time. The quantity can be
• Physical (e.g., growth in height)
• Development-
• is systematic and orderly change organisms
  experience as they live and either gain or lose
  abilities.

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Principles of growth and development

• 1. Growth is a personal matter
• 2. Growth comes from within
• 3. Growth is gradual and orderly but uneven
• 4. Growth has certain characteristics common at
  particular stages
• 5. Development proceeds from the head downward
• 6. Development proceeds from the center of the
  body outward. 
• 7. Development depends on maturation and
  learning. 
• 8. Development proceeds from the simple
  (concrete) to the more complex. 
• 9. Growth and development is a continuous
  process. 
• 10. Growth and development proceed from the
  general to specific
• 11.There are individual rates of growth and
  development

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• MECHANISMS OF HEREDITY

Mechanism- a fundamental process responsible for
natural phenomena.
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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Heredity-is the passing of traits to offspring
  (from its parent or ancestors). This is the
  process by which an offspring cell or organism
  acquires or becomes predisposed to the
  characteristics of its parent cell or organism

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Maturation- is the emergence of personal and
  behavioral characteristics through growth
  processes.

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• There is a set of principles that characterizes
  the pattern and process of growth and
  development.
• These principles describe typical development as
  a predictable and orderly process
• that is, we can predict how most children
  will develop and that they will develop at the
  same rate and at about the same time as other
  children.
• Although there are individual differences in
  children's personalities, activity levels, and
  timing of developmental milestones, such as ages
  and stages, the principles and characteristics of
  development are universal patterns.

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Certain characteristics are typical of certain
  ages, but these are only guides and not set
  rules.
• Each child grows in his own way.
• One child may progress "slower" than another and
  still he is perfectly healthy and within the
  range of development appropriate for his age.

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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION
Dna- BASIC UNIT OF HEREDITY..DETERMINES MANY
ASPECT OF OUR BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP
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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Human beings are product of nature and nurture.
  Their development is controlled by the action of
  both hereditary and environment. They grow and
  develop over time or on a developmental schedule
  known as maturation.

HEREDITARY ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT
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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Development should not be confused with
  maturation.
• Development refers to the quality of behaviour,
• Maturation refers to the state of the body and
  its readiness for behaviour.

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• HEREDITY
• is transmission of traits from parents to
  off-springs. gives the human individual a
  similarity to other organism and also
  uniqueness.
• It partly provides the equipment with which
  the human organism operates, and hence, control
  the level of efficiency.

GENES -are submicroscopic particles in
chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of
heredity.
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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION
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• The nucleus of each human cell holds 46
  chromosomes.
• They are responsible for all genetic traits (such
  as eye color).
• Twenty-three chromosomes are inherited from the
  mother (via her egg) and 23 from the father (via
  his sperm). These two separate sets of 23
  chromosomes carry the same genes and pair up with
  each other upon conception. As a result, the 46
  chromosomes are thus organized into 22 pairs of
  chromosomes, called gene pairs. The 23rd pair
  contains the sex chromosomes(XY).

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• DEVELOPMENT is systematic and orderly change
  organisms experience as they live and either gain
  abilities.
• As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills
  already acquired and the new skills become the
  basis for further achievement and mastery of
  skills. Most children follow a similar pattern.
  Also, one stage of development lays the
  foundation for the next stage of development. For
  example, in motor development, there is a
  predictable sequence of developments that occur
  before walking. The infant lifts and turns the
  head before he or she can turn over. Infants can
  move their limbs (arms and legs) before grasping
  an object. Mastery of climbing stairs involves
  increasing skills from holding on to walking
  alone.

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Development should not be confused with
  maturation.
• Development refers to the quality of behaviour,
• Maturation refers to the state of the body and
  its readiness for behavior

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• HEREDITY is transmission of traits from parents
  to off-springs. Heredity gives the human
  individual a similarity to other organism and
  also uniqueness. It partly provides the
  equipment with which the human organism operates,
  and hence, control the level of efficiency.
• GENES are submicroscopic particles in
  chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of
  heredity.

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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION
Genes always work in pairs. They are either
dominant or recessive. A dominant gene is one
whose characteristic will be dominant when paired
with another gene. A recessive gene is one
whose characteristic will not be produced when
paired with a dominant gene.
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Heredity AND MATURATION
CAUSES OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Genes from an unbroken line of transmission from
  one generation to the succeeding generations.
• What is transmitted through heredity can be
  changed only by changes in the genes, which is
  called mutation.
• All tissues and organs which participate in
  behaviour, such as brain, the sense organs and
  muscles, develop according to the direct control
  of the genes.

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Sex-linked traits, such as baldness, color
  blindness and haemophilia, are produced by the
  genes responsible for determining sex. They
  usually skip a generation since the females are
  the carriers of these traits.
• In some cases of prenatal development,
  monozygotic or identical twins result.
• In contrast, dizygotic or fraternal twins
  develop from two separate zygotes, each produced
  by the union of a separate sperm cell with a
  separate egg cell.

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Heredity AND MATURATION
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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Environment
• Includes all the conditions in the world that
  influence behavior, growth, development or life
  processes in any way. Environment may be external
  (air, trees, houses, etc.), internal (the lymph
  fluids and blood, etc.), and social (includes the
  other human beings who in any way influence us).

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• The development of the organism is controlled by
  the action of both heredity and environment
• formula
• HEREDITY X ENVIRONMENT X TIME
  Developmental Level

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Heredity AND MATURATION

• Heredity determines how high a level of
  development a given environment a given
  environment can bring about in a given period of
  time.
• Environment determines how effective certain
  heredity can be influencing development over a
  given amount of time.