Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 10 The U.S. Navy and American
  Imperialism, 1898-1914

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Causes of the Spanish-American War

• Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and
  Congress
• Cuban Revolution (1895-1898)
• U.S. investments threatened
• Spanish authorities commit atrocities against
  Cuban civilians
• Yellow journalism
• Highlighted Spanish atrocities and lack of
  humanitarianism

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• USS Maine Explosion - February 1898
• Havana, Cuba.
• Mission protect U.S. citizens and property
• Destroyed by underwater mine with 260 dead
• Rickover later proved internal explosion
• U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain
• Free Cuba!
• Remember the Maine!
• President William McKinley
• Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898

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Fighting the War

• Geography
• Spanish Empire - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,
  Guam
• U.S. strategic interests
• Panama Canal, Hawaii
• U.S forces
• Atlantic Sampson/Schley
• Asiatic Dewey (China/Japan)

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Naval Orders of Battle

• United States
• North Atlantic Squadron
• Sampson based in Key West
• Schleys Flying Squadron in Norfolk
• USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic
• Asiatic Squadron
• Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong
• Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
  Roosevelt
• Spain
• Inferior naval forces.
• Montojo - Manila Bay
• Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

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Fighting the War

• Cuba
• Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May)
• Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20)
• Destruction of Ceveras Fleet (July 3)
• Sampson/Schley command controversy
• Naval Results

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Fighting the War Pacific

• Philippines Phase I
• Dewey was given command met his flagship Olympia
  in Japan
• Prepped ships for war with overhauls and drills
  in Hong Kong.
• Received notice of war by cable

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• Entered Manila Bay 1 May 1898 with the intentions
  of destroying or capturing the Spanish Fleet
• Enroute constantly drilled crews

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• Admiral Dewey
• 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats a revenue cutter
• Gunnery and fire control drills on the way to
  Manila
• Admiral Montojo
• 2 cruisers (1 modern 1 immobile) 5 other
  ships at Manila
• Spanish use shore guns to augment anchored fleet

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• Dewey You may fire when you are ready,
  Gridley
• Spanish Fleet sunk at anchor
• Superior American gunnery
• Americans ? 170 hits
• Spanish ? 15 hits
• Dewey a national hero
• Siege of Manila
• follows with Army troops

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Fighting the War

• Other islands - Wake seized, Guam seized, Hawaii
  annexed
• Bases needed to reinforce SLOCs with Philippines
• Philippines Phase II
• War against Philippine Nationalists
• Philippine Insurrection or Filipino-American War-
  1899-1902.
• U.S. establishes control of entire Philippine
  Archipelago.

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CommodoreGeorgeDeweyCommanderU.S. Asiatic
SquadronSpanish-American War
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Fighting the War Atlantic/Caribbean

• American
• Sampson at Key West
• Schleys Flying Squadron at Norfolk
• Trip of USS Oregon gave U.S. 5 BBs 2 armored
  cruisers
• Spanish
• 4 Cruisers 2 Destroyers under Cervera

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• Sampson planned to meet Cervera at San Juan, PR
  but Spanish refueled at Curcao
• Mahan condemned Sampsons advance on P.R. Cuba
  was the strategic objective
• Sampson blockaded Havana sent Schley to
  Cienfuegoes but Spanish went to Santiago
• Cervera just getting to Cuba was an
  accomplishment.
• American squadrons unorganized and outguessed

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• Schley ( 28 May), then Sampson (1 June) arrive
  and begins 1 month long blockade Santiago harbor
• Sampson couldnt enter the harbor due to mines
  shore batteries
• Americans needed command of the seas before
  operations could be waged elsewhere
• Sampson requested troops to capture shore
  batteries so mines could be removed
• No overall commander between Army/Navy

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• Sampson and Shafter have a meeting to agree on a
  course of action. Both leave satisfied
• Shafter- Santiago, Sampson- Batteries
• Marines seized Guantanamo for logistics base

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Battle of Santiago

• Amphibious landing at Daiquiri
• Confusion between Army and Navy Shafter and
  Sampson
• Army went after town instead got bogged down
  then asked Navy to force the harbor to relieve
  them through the mine field
• Rough Riders Teddy Roosevelt
• Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill
• Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1
  July 1898
• Sampson / Schley command controversy

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Battle of Santiago 3 July 1898
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Battle of Santiago

• On 3 July 1898, Spanish make their run
• Inferior Spanish fleet annihilated by superior,
  better managed U.S. fleet
• Colon interesting incentive to outrun the US
  Fleet
• Spanish losses 160 killed, 1800 captured
• American losses 1 killed, 1 wounded
• Peace treaty signed 10 Dec 1898
• Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the
  Philippines fearing North Atlantic Fleet

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Results and lessons

• Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the
  Philippines
• U.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish
• U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea
• Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious
  doctrine

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• U.S. Empire
• From Spain Possession of Puerto Rico, Guam,
  Philippines. Naval base in Cuba
• Formerly independent Wake, Hawaii, Samoa
  (Harbor of Pago Pago)
• U.S. in undisputed control of the Caribbean

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American Pacific TerritoriesCoaling Stations for
Ships
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• Sampson/Schley command controversy
• U.S. technological superiority proves
  overwhelming (battleships and big guns)
• Battleships enshrined as principal warship
• New construction programs to be completed by
  1905 10 first-rate battleships, 4 armored
  cruisers 17 other types
• Recognized need for improvement in fire control
  and amphibious doctrine

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• Dewey to head new General Board first peace time
  U.S. strategic planning
• Devise war plans
• Assess of foreign navies
• Influence President Secretary of State
• Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated
  (commerce raiding discredited)

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• Global empire yields bases and expanded
  obligations
• Oregons dash renewed desire for isthmian canal
  to link Atlantic and Pacific Fleets, construction
  begun under Theodore Roosevelt, 1904-1914

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Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914)

• Strong Presidents
• Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and
  Woodrow Wilson.
• Republican Congress funds battleships and canal
  construction.
• Large increases in federal budget.
• Large increase in percentage of federal budget
  for Department of the Navy.
• Dewey and General Board
• Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the
  President on a regular basis due to increased
  importance of the Navy.

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Prewar International Concerns(1900-1914)

• Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to
  Caribbean
• Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in
  Pacific

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The Caribbean

• Threat Germany
• U.S. has stake in Caribbean
• Annexation of Puerto Rico
• Naval base in Cuba
• Germany has strong interest in Latin America
• Venezuela Crisis (1902)
• Germany wants base there
• Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to
  recover from default on 12.5 million loan

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Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• Caribbean Sea
• Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access
  to Panama Canal
• European relations with Latin America
• Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for
  U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene
  in Western Hemisphere
• Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904)
• U.S. obligated in flagrant cases of wrong-doing
  or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise
  of an international police power.

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Roosevelt Corollary

• Constant interventions by Navy and Marines
• Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic
• Cuba - Platt Amendment
• Vera Cruz, Mexico
• Yankee Imperialism despised by many Latin
  Americans

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Panama Canal

• Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America
• Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets
• Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregons
  long transit to the Battle of Santiago
• Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt
• Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903
• Engineered and influenced by U.S.
• Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S.
• Construction of the canal begins in 1904
• Completed in 1914
• Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean
  Sea
• Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of
  the U.S.

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U.S. Interests in the Far East

• War Plan Orange
• U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan
• Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the
  Japanese Navy

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• U.S. Open Door policy in China
• Policy has two aspects
• (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China
• (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries.
• Chinas Boxer Rebellion - 1900
• U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force
  protecting Westerners
• Counter European and Japanese attempts at
  spheres of influence
• Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect
  American commerce

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Western Relief Expedition to PekingBoxer
Rebellion1900
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The Rise of Japanese Sea Power
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Opening and Modernization

• Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854
• Treaty of Kanagawa
• European powers quickly follow U.S. lead
• Meiji Restoration - 1868
• End of Tokugawa Shogunates feudal system
• Emperor restored to power
• Increased trade with the West
• Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces
• Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands
• Japanese Navy
• From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern
  Age
• Skips entirely the Age of Sail

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Sino-Japanese War(1894-95)

• Conflict with China
• Ryukus
• Taiwan
• Korea
• Japanese make a surprise first strike
• Prior to declaration of war
• Battle of the Yalu
• Chinese fleet takes V formation
• Japanese divide fleet into two squadrons
• Outcome Expansion of Japanese Empire in East
  Asia
• Korea
• Taiwan (Formosa) and Pescadores
• Port Arthur

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Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

• Japan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port
  Arthur
• Russian Expansion into the Far East
• Trans-Siberian Railway
• Chinese allow Russian construction through
  Manchuria.
• Russian Naval Base at Vladivostok
• Port Arthur and Manchuria
• Occupied by Russian forces
• Korea threatened
• Anglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902
• Attempt by Japan to keep European powers out of
  the war
• Japanese strike first again
• Battle of the Yellow Sea

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Balance of Power

• Japan
• Disadvantages
• Number of Troops
• Fleet Strength
• Natural Resources
• Advantages
• Strategic Center
• Multiple Naval Bases
• First Strike

• Russia
• Advantages
• Number of Troops
• Fleet Strength
• Natural Resources
• Disadvantages
• Division of Forces
• Three Fleets
• Lines of Communication
• Trans-Siberian RR
• Initial Defensive Strategy

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Battle of Tsushima Strait

• Baltic Fleet commanded by Admiral Zinovi
  Rozhestvenski
• Transit to Vladivostok
• Protection of supply ships
• Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo
• Togo Crosses the T -- Decisive Japanese
  victory
• Lessons learned
• Rear Admiral Nebogatov - Surrender not an option
• Heavy armor and guns
• Semi-independent divisions
• Dividing the fleet
• Treaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore
  Roosevelt
• Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan
• Japan becomes the dominant power in the Far East

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Increases in U.S. Naval Power

• By 1898
• 4 1st Class Battleships Indiana, Massachusetts,
  Oregon, and Iowa
• 2 2nd Class Battleships Texas and Maine
• 2 Armored Cruisers
• 10 Protected Cruisers
• Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats
• Modern technology in the fleet
• Steam, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns

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PresidentTheodore RooseveltandRear
AdmiralRobley D. Fighting Bob EvansPrior to
the sailing of the Great White Fleet - 1907
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The Great White Fleet
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Route of the Great White Fleet (1907-08)
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HMS Dreadnought
First all big gun Battleship - Eight
12-inch guns
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HMS Dreadnought
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Dawn of Naval Aviation

• Wright Brothers -- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
  1903
• Eugene Ely
• First flight of an aircraft from a ship in 1910
• First landing of an aircraft on a ship in 1911
• Glenn Curtiss - First seaplane landing - 1911
• Lieutenant Spuds Ellyson Naval Aviator 1

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• Birthday of Naval Aviation 8 May 1911
• U.S. Navy purchases two Curtiss biplanes
• Office of Naval Aeronautics established in 1914
• Early naval aviation missions
• Scouting location of the enemy fleet
• Directing naval gunfire
• Royal Navy in a similar stage of development of
  aviation

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Discussion
Next time The U.S. Navy and the World at War,
1914-1918