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Congestion Driven Placement for VLSI Standard Cell Design

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Title: Congestion Driven Placement for VLSI Standard Cell Design


1
Congestion Driven Placement for VLSI Standard
Cell Design
Shawki Areibi and Zhen Yang School of
Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario,
Canada December 2003 (sareibi_at_uoguelph.ca,
zyang_at_uoguelph.ca)
ICM 2003, Cairo
2
Outline
Introduction
Background
Motivation
Congestion Optimization
Experimental Results
Summary Conclusions
ICM 2003, Cairo
3
Introduction
  • The interconnect has become a critical determiner
    of circuit performance in the deep sub-micron
    regime.
  • Circuit placement is starting to play an
    important role in todays high performance chip
    designs.
  • In addition to wire length optimization, the
    issue of reducing excessive congestion in local
    regions such that the router can finish the
    routing successfully is becoming another
    important problem.

ICM 2003, Cairo
4
VLSI Design
4
5
Layout Style
5
6
Standard Cell Layout Style
Feedthrough
  • Feature
  • Row based layout
  • Standard cells
  • Routing channel

Standard cell
I/O Pads
Routing Channel
  • Advantages
  • High productivity
  • More efficient space
  • Well-suited for automated design

6
7
Circuit Layout - Partitioning
Task
Partition circuit into several sub-circuits.
8
8
Circuit Layout - Placement
  • Minimize the total estimated wire length of all
    the nets.
  • Minimize the interconnect congestion.

8
9
Circuit Layout Global Routing
Objectives
Minimize the total wire length and critical path
delay.
10
10
Circuit Layout
10
11
Why Is Placement Important?
  • The circuit delay, power dissipation and area are
    dominated by the interconnections.

- Circuit Placement becomes very critical in
todays high performance VLSI design.
  • The first phase in the VLSI design that
    determines the physical layout of a chip.

- The quality of the attainable routing is
highly determined by the placement.
11
12
Placement Techniques
12
13
Traditional Placement Approach
Circuit Generated From Logical Description
Initial (global) Placement by Constructive
Algorithms
  • Produce a good initial placement in reasonable
    time

Improve (detailed) Placement by Iterative
Algorithms
  • Produce a good final placement

Valid Coordinates for each cell
13
14
Multi-Level Clustering
  • Bottom-up procedure (clustering)
  • 2. Top-down procedure (de-clustering)

initial placement iterative improvement
a simple interchange heuristic
a high quality solution
14
15
Traditional Methods Drawbacks
  • May lead to routing detours around the regions (
    i.e. larger routed wire length).
  • May create an unroutable placement( i.e leads to
    replacement and repartitioning).
  • Congestion reduction in placement stage

    would be more effective.

ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congestion
ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congestion Reduction Techniques
Congestion Reduction
Integrated Technique
Post-processing Technique
Simulated Annealing
Quadratic Placment
Congestion Reduction During Placment
Partitioning Based Placement
ICM 2003, Cairo
18
Congestion Optimization
ICM 2003, Cairo
19
Routing Estimation
  • Bounding Box Routing Estimation.

For each yellow bin, the Horizontal Routing
Demand of net K is1/3
Total Horizontal Routing Demand of net K 2
ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congestion Cost Function
Wire length
Overflow
Total Bounding Box Based Wire length 4
Horizontal Routing Demand 2 Vertical Routing
Demand 2
ICM 2003, Cairo
21
Identifying Congested Regions
  • A global bin is congested if one of its four
    global edges is congested.
  • A maximum number of congested bins in one
    congested region is set to prevent forming too
    large congested regions.

ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congested Region Expansion
  • For a single congested region, the larger the
    expansion area is, the better the optimization
    result can be obtained.
  • However, the expansions of multiple congested
    regions may lead to new congested regions.

ICM 2003, Cairo
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Test Circuits
ICM 2003, Cairo
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Experimental Results
  • Test Circuit Statistics (for flat approach)

ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congestion Reduction (at flat level)
Average Congestion imp 51
Average Wire length Increase 3
Average CPU Time Increase 30
ICM 2003, Cairo
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Congestion Reduction (at level-3)
ICM 2003, Cairo
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Results Analysis
  • Incorporating a post processing technique into
    the hierarchical placement may not be an
    effective way to reduce the congestion due to the
    interplay between the wire length placement
    algorithm and congestion reduction technique.
  • The wire length minimization should be performed
    on clustering levels, while the congestion
    optimization should be only turned on at the flat
    level.

ICM 2003, Cairo
28
Congestion Reduction (after hierarchy)
Average Congestion imp37
Average Wire length Increase 3
ICM 2003, Cairo
29
Conclusions and Summary
  • A post-processing congestion reduction technique
    is implemented and incorporated into the flat and
    hierarchical placement.
  • A post-processing technique can reduce the
    congestion of flat placement largely by 51 on
    average with a slight increase of wire length.
  • For hierarchical congestion-driven placement, it
    seems to be more beneficial to incorporate the
    congestion reduction phase at the flat level
    rather than within the levels of hierarchy.
  • The congestion improvement achieved by performing
    congestion optimization at the flat level is 37
    on average.

ICM 2003, Cairo
30
  • Thank You !

31
Congestion Driven Placement
(channel capacities2) Unroutable Layout
ICM 2003, Cairo
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