Clinical, Radiologic, and Diagnostic Procedures MEDL 235

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Clinical, Radiologic, and Diagnostic Procedures

• MEDL 2350

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• The combining form that means hardening
• Choroid/o
• scler/o
• Retin/o
• Hard/o

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• A keratotome is used to
• Incise the middle ear
• Cut into the cornea
• Examine the eye
• Correct vision

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• Blepharitis is inflammation of the
• eyeball
• Eyelid
• Cornea
• retina

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• If someone is myopic, then they are
• Farsigheted
• Nearsighted
• Hyperopic
• blind

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• The blood vessels of the eye are found in which
  layer?
• Retina
• Choroid
• Sclera
• cornea

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• A salpingoscope is used to examine the
• Eustachian tube
• Sphinx
• Semicircular canals
• cochlea

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• The malleus, incus, and stapes are found in the
• Middle ear
• External ear
• Ear drum
• Inner ear

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• Of the following structures, which is for
  audition?
• Tympanic membrane
• Semicircular canals
• Choroid
• Rods and cones

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• Vertigo
• Dizziness
• A bad movie
• Ringing in the ears
• Complete hearing loss

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• A progressive form of deafness due to
  ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner
  ear.
• Presbycusis
• Menieres Disease
• Otosclerosis
• anacusis

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Arthroscopy

• Direct Joint Visualization
• Instrument is Arthroscope
• Done by an orthopedic surgeon
• Knee, shoulder, and ankle are most common. Toe
  joints are also scoped with increasing frequency.
• Can be a diagnostic tool or a treatment tool by
  removing tissue that is dead

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Aspiration

• Withdrawal of fluid from a joint
• Can be done by any doctor in an office setting.
• A large bore needle is inserted into the joint to
  remove the synovial fluid.
• Fluid can be examined under a microscope for
  crystals (gout) or cultured for bacteria
  (infection).

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Biopsy

• Remove of skin or other tissue for examination.
• Microscopic examination can reveal changed
  cells. Ie cancer
• Breast, bone, muscle, and skin
• Usually done to make a diagnosis.
• When skin cancer is suspected, a biopsy is also
  used to remove tissue.

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Bronchoscopy

• Used to visually examine the bronchial tubes.
• A bronchoscope is a flexible camera that shows
  what the bronchi look like.
• The scope also serves as a suction machine
  enabling the surgeon to remove tissue to biopsy,
  examine sputum, or foreign bodies.

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Colonoscopy

• A visual examination of the colon.
• A colonoscope is used to biopsy or excise tissue.
• Done by a gastroenterologist.

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Electrocardiogram

• A visual record of the electrical activity of the
  heart.
• The instrument used is an electrocardiograph.
• Done by placing a series of electrodes on the
  thorax to measure electrical activity.
• Can be done by a physician, technician, or nurse.

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Holter Monitoring

• A device worn on the belt of a patient with
  abnormal cardiac rhythm.
• This is done when a regular EKG shows no
  abnormality but when symptoms still persist.
• The device records all activity over a 24 hour
  period.
• A cardiologist interprets the results.

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Laparoscopy

• Visual examination of the abdominal cavity by the
  use of a laparoscope.
• A small incision in the abdomen allows a small
  camera to be inserted.
• Used for gynecological procedures.
• Also can be called a Peritoneoscopy.

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Ophthalmoscopy

• Visual examination of the eye.
• Use of an ophthalmoscope
• Is diagnostic for detection of eye disorders
• Done by an optometrist or ophthalmologist.

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Otoscopy

• Visual examination of the ear and eardrum
  (tympanic membrane)
• Instrument is an otoscope.

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Palpation

• Physical touch
• Examination of size, texture, hardness, fluid,
  contents
• Can be done by anyone

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Pulmonary Function Tests

• Determines the capacity of the lungs by a series
  of tests of inspiration and expiration.
• Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide use.
• Instrument is a spirometer.

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Retinoscopy

• Tests to check refractive index of eye.
• Light is shone into eye and the examiner sees how
  the light bends (refraction).
• Also to check the integrity of the back of the
  eye.

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Tonometry

• Measures tension and pressure in the eye.
• A tonometer is the instrument used to check for
  glaucoma.

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Angiography

• Radiographic study of the circulatory system.
• A radiopaque substance is used to detect vascular
  abnormalities including tumors, aneurysms, and
  clots (occulsions).
• Different studies for body areas
• cerebral (head), coronary (heart),
  peripheral (extremities), and pulmonary (lungs)

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Arthrography

• Radiographic procedure to check for the integrity
  of a joint.
• Air (pneumoarthrograhy) or contrast dye is
  injected.
• Xrays taken under stress to check for excess
  seepage into places where dye shouldnt be.
• Done under local ansethesia by a radiologist or
  orthopedic surgeon.
• Podiatrists do arthrography to the foot and ankle.

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Bone Scan (scintography)

• Radioactive isotope
• Bone absorbs the isotope at places where there is
  increased blastic activity. Osteoblasts are
  cells that lay down new bone.
• Normal scans show no uptake.
• Positive scans do not explain the reason for the
  result. Very sensitive but specific.

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Cardiac Catheterization

• Procedure to check the integrity of the coronary
  blood vessels.
• A catheter is placed in a large vessel in the
  groin. The catheter is passed to the heart
  vessels.
• Xrays are taken to diagnose occulsions of vessels.

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Computer Axial Tomography (CAT)

• Radiographic sectioning of the body.
• X-rays are taken at a specified thickness. When
  completed the individual slices are put together
  by a computer (computer generation).
• The scanner and detector and parts of the tube
  that encircle the body and record..
• Can be used to examine the abdomen, brain, chest,
  and extremities.
• Done by specially trained technicians and
  interpreted by radiologists.

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Doppler Ultrasound

• A test used to measure blood flow into a body
  part.
• Uses sound waves that are forced through the skin
  and bounce back to a recording probe. The result
  makes a sound that is used to diagnose
  circulation problems.
• Usually done on the large vessels of the
  extremities. A specialized version is used for
  the small vessels of the toes and penis.

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Echocardiography

• Uses sound waves (ultrasound) to visualize the
  internal cardiac structures (valves).
• Used to examine the integrity of heart valves.
• Has taken the place of catheterization for
  certain procedures.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• No radiation
• Uses magnetic fields to produce an image.
• Useful for soft tissue structures (muscle,
  tendon, ligament) whereas CAT scans are useful
  for bones.

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Xeroradiography

• Technique that produces an image using electrical
  means instead of chemical means.
• Permits lower exposure times
• Useful for breast tumor diagnosis.

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Arterial Blood Gas

• Percutaneous puncture to assess the exchange of
  oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Blood is taken from an artery.
• More painful than an intravenous sample.

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Bleeding Time

• Used to assess how long it takes to form a clot
  of a small cut or wound.
• Used to determine platelet function.
• Increased bleeding times is found in patients
  with low platelet counts and deficiencies of
  fibrinogen.

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Cardiac Enzymes

• Increases in these enzymes indicate myocardial
  infarction (heart attack).

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

• Used to measure the components of blood.
• RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit
• Differential separates the different types of
  WBCs

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Medical Specialties
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