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Background of the School Counseling Profession

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Background of the School Counseling Profession Exercises & Applications Reflect on your experience with a school counselor. Based on this, describe the role of the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Background of the School Counseling Profession


1
Background of the School Counseling Profession
2
Exercises Applications
  • Reflect on your experience with a school
    counselor. Based on this, describe the role of
    the school counselor.
  • Compare this description to the ASCA description
    of a school counselor. Discuss differences and
    similarities.

3
History of School Counseling
  • The counseling profession entered the schoolhouse
    in the early 20th century

4
History
  • Jesse B. Davis - introduced vocational and moral
    guidance as a curriculum into an English course
  • This was the first systematic guidance program in
    public schools

5
History
  • Frank Parsons - the Father of Guidance
  • His work had significant impact on the vocational
    guidance movement
  • 1909 - Wrote the book, Choosing a Vocation, which
    offered a method to match a persons personal
    characteristics with an occupation

6
History
  • The work of Jesse Davis, Eli Weaver, and Frank
    Parsons and a host of other pioneers created
    momentum for the development of a school
    counseling profession.
  • During the 1920s-1940s, many events occurred that
    gave clarity and direction to this emerging
    profession.

7
History
  • World War I - gave more reason for testing
    individuals
  • The term counselor rarely heard prior to the
    depression, was now a part of the vocabulary of
    all educators.
  • Prior to this time, the term guidance was used

8
History
  • World War II - and its aftermath created a
    greater emphasis on psychological testing that
    directly influenced school guidance
  • World War II - government requested assistance
    from counselors for screening, selecting military
    and industrial specialist

9
History
  • 1930s - the first theory of guidance was
    introduced. E. G. Williamsons Trait and Factor
    theory.
  • This was known as directive or counselor-centered

10
History
  • 1946 - George Barden Act - legislation that
    provided funds to develop and support guidance
    and counseling activities in schools and other
    settings
  • This was the first time school counselors and
    state and local supervisors received resources,
    leadership and financial support from the
    government

11
History
  • 1957 - Sputnik - first earth satellite that was
    launched by the Soviet Union
  • Sputnik was the lift-off and orbit for
    counseling guidance in the US
  • 1958 - Natl Defense Ed. Act

12
History
  • Part of the NDEA focused on
  • 1. Providing funds to help states establish and
    maintain school counseling, testing, guidance
    activities
  • 2. Authorized the establishment of counseling
    institutions and training programs in colleges
    and universities

13
History
  • 1953 - ASCA joined APGA
  • 1962 - Wrenns book, The Counselor in a Changing
    World -solidified the goals of school cing
  • 1964 - ASCA develops a role and function
    statement for counselors a

14
History
  • 1965 - Elem secondary Ed Act - provided funding
    to improve educational opportunities of
    low-income families
  • 1960-70s - Collaboration with teachers
  • 1974 - PL 14-142
  • 1980-90s - maturation of legislative efforts,
    need for clear identify, roles

15
History
  • 1997 - National Standards for School Counseling
    Programs is published
  • Late 1990s-00s - Transforming school counseling

16
School Guidance
  • (1900 - 1920) - Occupational Selection and
    Placement was emphasized
  • (1930 -1960) - School Adjustment
  • (1960- present) - Personal Development

17
AlCAs Formative Years/History
  • www.alca.sumternet.com
  • 1957 - Guidance Dept _at_ St Dept
  • NDEA Guidance Institutes
  • 1967 - Joins APGA as AlPGA
  • 1979 - 3rd state in nation to have licensure for
    professional counselors

18
Defining Guidance Counseling
  • What is guidance?
  • What is counseling?

19
Defining
  • School counselors serve 3 populations students,
    parents and teachers.
  • Counselors deliver these services within the
    framework of an organized program
  • The design of the program is guided by the
    overall mission of the school, the desires and
    needs of the local community and the expanded
    goals of the state
  • (Schmidt, 1999)

20
Defining
  • "School counseling is a relatively young
    profession having emerged out of the vocational
    guidance movement in the early 1900s. In the
    decades since then, the profession has searched
    for a clear identity and the role for counselors
    in schools. Over 50 years ago, counselors
    struggled with their direction and purpose in
    schools, and today this struggle continues.
    Because of

21
Defining
  • this uncertainty, school counselors are sometimes
    criticized for not fulfilling their obligations.
    Exactly what these obligations are is a basic
    question all school counselors must ascertain in
    developing appropriate goals and objectives for
    their programs. Without clear goals and
    objectives, a

22
Defining
  • counselor's obligations can easily be
    misinterpreted and misunderstood by both the
    professional and the people who seek counseling
    services."
  • "Misunderstandings about the counselor's role are
    related in some measure to the confusion between
    the terms guidance and counseling and how these
    terms are used to describe what school counselors
    do."

23
School Counselor Role
  • Interventions
  • Individual and small group counseling
  • Group guidance
  • Consultation with parents, teachers, others
  • Program coordination
  • (Cobia Henderson)

24
ASCA Ethical Standards
  • Responsibilities
  • To students
  • To parents
  • To colleagues and professional associates
  • To the school and community
  • To self
  • To the profession
  • (Cobia Henderson)

25
Struggles and Confusion with Professional Identity
  • Schmidts view (1993)
  • Confusion between the terms guidance and
    counseling
  • Myricks view (1992)
  • No clear understanding of the programs and
    processes involved in guidance and counseling

26
Defining Guidance
  • Imprecise meaning and usage
  • Has been flip-flopped with counseling for over 50
    years
  • Traditionally an umbrella term
  • Guidance, guidance program, guidance services,
    guidance lesson, guidance personnel, guidance
    counselor, guidance lessons, etc..

27
Guidance
  • An umbrella term that includes such a
    constellation of services aimed at personal and
    career development and school adjustment
  • Guidance also describes the overall school
    program and implies personal assistance to
    students, teachers, parents and administrators

28
Defining Counseling
  • Counseling has been perceived as a process in
    which someone who has a problem receives personal
    assistance, usually through private discussion
  • Term not used exclusively by school counselors or
    other professional counselors. Who else uses our
    term?
  • What is counseling? What factors are involved?

29
Counseling
  • The term "counseling" is used by people in the
    counseling profession to describe a special type
    of helping process.
  • There is a trust relationship in which the focus
    is on personal meaning of events and experiences.
    Counseling focuses on personal awareness,
    interests, attitudes, and

30
Counseling
  • goals. It has a philosophical and theoretical
    base which conceptualizes learning, human
    behavior, and interpersonal relationships.
  • Counseling considered a professional endeavor by
    a professionally trained and certified person

31
Counseling
  • Counseling can be described as a job function and
    a helping process. It identifies the work or
    service of the counselor and the way in which the
    counselor helps the students.

32
What Can Counseling Do?
  • 1. Counseling can help prevent normal problems
    from becoming more serious. More serious ones
    could result in delinquency, school failure,
    emotional disturbance
  • 2. Counseling can create a healthy environment to
    help children cope with the stresses and
    conflicts of their growth and development.

33
What Can Counseling Do?
  • 3. Counseling can also be a major remedial force
    for healing children in trouble. They can be
    helped through the counseling interventions
    offered at school.

34
Historical Approaches to CG
  • Myrick (1992) offered 4 approaches
  • 1. Crisis Approach
  • 2. Remedial Approach
  • 3. Preventive Approach
  • 4. Developmental Approach

35
Status of the Profession
  • ACA - www.counseling.org
  • ASCA - www.schoolcounselor.org
  • ALACA - www.alca.sumternet.com

36
ACAs Formative Years History
  • www.counseling.org
  • 1952 - APGA established
  • 1983 - Name changed to AACD
  • 1992 - Name changed to ACA
  • 60,000 members in ACA
  • 13,000 in ASCA

37
Status
  • What is the role of the school counselor?
  • What should the school counselor do? What should
    they not do?

38
Status
  • Myrick stated As a whole, we have a poor
    identity. Even today, we are many things to many
    people.
  • they are miracle workers, record keeping and
    scheduling clerks, .their own guidance program.

39
Status
  • This inability to identify a clear purpose has
    placed some counselors in clerical,
    administrative, and instructional roles,
    diminishing their value in school.

40
Status
  • In contrast, by developing a clear understanding
    of their purpose, school counselors can
    establish a philosophical basis on which to build
    a credible program.

41
Status
  • In the past, school counselors have been willing
    to be viewed as support personnel. Accepting
    the support role instead of the essential
    role allows others to define the role, assign
    functions, dictate the mission, and design the
    program.

42
EXERCISES
  • 1. Professional identity is an important issue
    for school counselors. If you were hired by a
    school tomorrow as its new counselor, what five
    actions would you take to begin establishing a
    professional identity? Discuss and compare your
    actions with a group of your classmates.

43
  • Discuss factors and events that influenced your
    decision to enter or consider the counseling
    profession
  • Select and write down any historic leaders name.
    In 15 minutes, describe how the leader would
    have benefited from counseling at some particular
    point of his/her career.

44
Exercises
  • Review the ASCA role statement (see Appendix A in
    Cobia Henderson) and identify any aspects that
    are different from the previous preceptions of a
    school counselors role. Reflecting on these
    differences, speculate about how you came to hold
    these beliefs. How might your awareness of these
    preconceptions influence your training
    experiences?
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