Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization

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Chapter 7

• Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval
  Civilization

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Timeline
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The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine

• Political Reforms
• Division of the Empire
• Military Reforms
• Reorganization and enlargement of the army
• Economic and Social Trends
• Imperial finances
• Coercion and loss of individual freedom
• Constantines Building Program
• Building of Constantinople (324 330)

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Map 7.1 Division of the Late Roman Empire, c. 300
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The Empires New Religion

• Conversion of Constantine
• Church Organization and Religious Disputes
• Bishops
• Heresy
• Arianism
• Council of Nicaea (325)

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The End of the Western Empire

• Huns pressure Germanic tribes to move westward
• Visigoths
• Sack of Rome (410)
• Burgundians
• Vandals
• Odoacer deposes last Roman Emperor (476)

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Map 7.2 German Migration Routes
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The Germanic Kingdoms

• The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
• Theodoric (493 526)
• Byzantine invasion (535 554)
• Lombard invasion (568)
• The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
• Coexistence between Romans and Germans
• Warrior caste
• No procedure for choosing rulers
• The Frankish Kingdom
• Clovis (c. 482 511)
• Converts to Catholic Christianity c. 500
• Frankish Kingdom divided into 3 parts in 6th and
  7th centuries
• Fusion of Gallo-Roman and Frankish Peoples
• Anglo-Saxon England
• Angles and Saxons invade England in early 5th
  century

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Map 7.3 The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western
Empire
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The Society of the Germanic Peoples

• Germanic Law
• Blood feud
• Wergeld
• Compurgation and ordeal
• The Frankish Family and Marriage
• Family at the center of social organization
• Marriage
• Engagement ceremony
• Women

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Development of the Christian Church

• The Church Fathers
• Augustine (354 430)
• The City of God
• The Confessions
• Jerome (345 420)
• The Power of the Pope
• Leader of the Western Christian Church
• Leo I (r. 440 461) and the Petrine supremacy

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Church and State

• Growing Power of Church Officials
• Role of bishops in imperial government
• Ambrose of Milan (c. 339 397)
• Weakness of political authorities in Italy
• Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590 604)
• Papal states
• Expansion of papal authority

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The Monks and Their Missions

• Monachus one who lives alone
• Saint Antony (c. 250 350)
• Saint Simeon Stylite
• Benedictine Monasticism
• Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 c. 543)
• Benedictine Rule
• The Abbot (father)
• Nuns

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Monks as Missionaries

• Irish Monasticism
• Saint Columba (521 597)
• Iona
• Roman Mission to England (Augustine the monk)
• Boniface (c. 680 755) mission to Frisia,
  Bavaria, and Saxon

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Women and Monasticism

• Double Monasteries
• Saint Hilda founds monastery of Whitby (657)
• Nuns as Missionaries
• Leoba founds convent at Bischofsheim (Germany)

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Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic
Kingdoms

• Cassiodorus (c. 490 c. 585)
• Divine and Human Readings
• Seven Liberal Arts
• Trivium
• Quadrivium
• The Venerable Bede (c. 672 735)
• Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731)

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Map 7.4 The Spread of Christianity, A.D. 400-800
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The Reign of Justinian (527 565)

• Belisarius and the Restoration of the Roman
  Empire
• Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law)
• Intellectual Life
• Procopius (c. 500 562)
• The Empress Theodora
• Actress and prostitute
• Influence in government
• The Emperors Building Program
• Rebuilt after riot in 532
• Commercial Center and Trade
• Palace Complex
• Church of Hagia Sophia (537)
• Hippodrome

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Map 7.5 The Byzantine Empire in the Time of
Justinian
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From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire

• Problems left by Justinian
• Threats on the Frontiers
• Muslims
• Battle of Yarmuk (636)
• Bulgars
• The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century
• Greek and Christian State
• Conflict over the use of icons
• Power of the emperor
• Split with the Western Germanic Kingdoms

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The Library at Ephesus
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The Rise of Islam

• The Arabs
• Bedouins (nomads)
• Allah Kaba
• Mecca and Trade

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Typical buildings in Sa'naa Arabian Peninsula
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Muhammad and Islam

• Muhammad (570 632)
• Born in Mecca caravan manager
• Hegira (Journey to Medina in 622)
• Submission to the will of Allah
• Quran (Koran)
• 114 Chapters
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Sharia (Islamic Law)

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The Spread of Islam

• Abu Bakr becomes caliph (632)
• Razzia
• Jihad
• Attacks against Byzantines and Persians
• Assassination of Caliph Ali
• Muawiya becomes caliph (661)
• Umayyad Dinasty
• Damascus becomes capital
• Shiites, followers of Ali
• Sunnites, supporters of the Umayyads
• Conquer North Africa and much of Spain
• Battle of Tours (732)
• Attack on Constantinople and defeat (717 718)

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Map 7.7 The Expansion of Islam
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Ceiling of the Mihrab ChapelGreat Mosque of
Cordoba, Spain.
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Discussion Questions

• How did the Germanic tribes differ from the
  Romans?
• What role did the Christian Church play in
  filling the vacuum left by the passing of the
  Roman Empire?
• Why was monasticism so important and influential
  in Europe during the first millennium?
• How successful was Christianity in converting the
  non-Christian peoples of Europe?
• What was the place of women in the Christian
  world in the early middle ages?
• What was Justinians impact on the history of the
  Byzantine Empire?
• Why was Islam able to expand so quickly and
  widely?

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Web Links

• The Sutton Hoo Society
• Virtual Tour of monasteries
• Augustine of Hippo
• Byzantine Studies on the Internet
• Hagia Sophia Chronicle of the Great Church
• Exploring Ancient World Cultures Islam
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs