Human security and Humanitarian Interventions

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Human security and Humanitarian Interventions
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A Key question Is Human Security a Political
Concept or a Humanitarian Concept ?
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NGOs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan  A Call for Security June 17,
2003 We the undersigned humanitarian, human
rights, civil society and conflict prevention
organizations call on the international community
to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in
Afghanistan.  This mandate should include the
expansion of the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations and
major transport routes outside of Kabul and the
active support for a comprehensive program of
disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of
all militia forces outside the control of the
central government.  Current efforts to train
representative, professional Afghan national
security forces must be accelerated.
PPR - 2000
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NATO Humanitarian Interventions
A humanitarian intervention is an armed
intervention in another state, without the
agreement of that state, to address (the threat
of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused
by grave and large-scale violations of
fundamental human rights. This definition was
adopted by a NATO seminar in Scheveningen on the
topic in November 1999.
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Who are the Actors
Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN
Security Council Private companies USAID ECHO Medi
as Human rights organisations National Societies
of RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC
Political Humanitarian
PPR - 2000
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Human Security and the Concept of Humanitarian
Political Frameworks
Based on . Principles . Law . Means
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• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

• Independence

Humanitarian Framework

• Proportionality to needs

• Consent from the Parties

• No political interests

• No economic interests

• Long term commitment

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• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

Political Framework

• Independence

• Proportionality to needs

• Consent from the Parties Y or N

• Possible political interests

• Possible economic interests

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Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Legal Framework
Human Security Affected Population
Charter of United Nations (Chapter 7)
NATO Resolutions
International Humanitarian Law
Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United
Nations
Human Right Law
International Humanitarian Law
Refugee Law
Human Right Law
Political agreements between States
Refugee Law
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Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Means of Actions
Human Security Affected Population
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Use of Armed forces
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Definition of a Humanitarian Framework
IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Human Security Affected Population
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to needs
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Definition of a Political Framework
UN res. NATO Res. . IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Diplomatic means
Impartiality
Logistic means
Human Security Affected Population
Neutrality
Legal Means
Independence
Proportionality to needs
Media means
Financial means
Consent from the Parties
Economic means
Political interests
Economic interests
Use of Armed forces
Long term commitment
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Consent from the Parties
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to needs
Political interests
Economic interests
Long term commitment
Human Security Affected Population
UN res. NATO Res. . IHL, HR Law
IHL, HR Law
Proportionality to needs
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Use of Armed forces
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
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Definition ECHO 2002
The aim of humanitarian aid is to provide help to
people in third countries, who have been victims
of natural disasters (earthquakes, floods,
droughts, hurricanes), or man-made disasters
(wars, conflicts, outbreaks of fighting) or
structural crises (severe political, economic or
social breakdowns). The focus is mainly on
providing goods and services (e.g. food supplies,
medicine, vaccinations, water conveyance,
psychological support, minesweeping, clothes,
shelter, rehabilitation). The aid is also
preventive (planting of trees to counter floods,
etc.). Its sole aim is to prevent or relieve
human suffering. This assistance is directed
mainly towards vulnerable people and, as a
priority, to those in developing countries. A key
point is that it is accorded to victims without
discrimination on the grounds of race, religion,
sex, age, nationality or political affiliation.
Humanitarian aid decisions are to be taken
impartially and solely according to the victims'
needs and interests. As a result, there are no
criteria or conditions for the aid, which is
non-refundable.
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Definition NATO
A humanitarian intervention is an armed
intervention in another state, without the
agreement of that state, to address (the threat
of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused
by grave and large-scale violations of
fundamental human rights. This definition was
adopted by a NATO seminar in Scheveningen on the
topic in November 1999. The key aspects of this
definition are related to sovereignty and human
rights. Firstly, for an action to be
intervention, sovereignty of the state being
intervened in must be breached. Under this
definition, INTERFET action in East Timor, while
motivated by humanitarian concerns, was not an
intervention as the action was undertaken with
the consent of the Indonesian government
(questions of the power of that government to
enforce the decision aside). Secondly, for an
intervention to be humanitarian, the desire to
address violations of human rights should be the
driving force in the intervention decision
CSS Strategic Briefing Papers - Volume 3 Part 1
June 2000 -ISSN 1175-1452  HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA
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Criteria NATO
Criteria for Humanitarian Intervention   1.  The
threat or occurrence of grave and large-scale
violations of human rights. 2.  Clear and
objective evidence of such a threat or
occurrence. 3.  The government of the state is
unwilling or unable to take remedial
action. 4.  There is clear urgency. 5.  The use
of force should be the last resort. 6.  The
purpose is clearly explained to publics and the
international community. 7.  The purpose is
limited to stopping the human rights
abuses. 8.  The action is supported by those for
whom it is intended. 9.  There is support of
regional states. 10. There should be a high
probability of success. 11. There should be a
mapped-out transition to post-conflict peace
building. 12. The use of force should be
proportionate to achieving these
goals. 13.  International law on the conduct of
war should be followed during the action.  
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Definition NIC
"Humanitarian emergencies" are defined as
situations in which at least 300,000 civilians
require international humanitarian assistance to
avoid serious malnutrition or death. Our
definition includes those situations in which
people need protection in order to facilitate
access to humanitarian aid.
US National Intelligence Council - 2002
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Humanitarian action is significantly more than
the delivery of relief goods. Humanitarian
principles stress the primacy of action to
address human suffering and the right of
civilians under international law to be protected
from discrimination, violence, torture, and other
serious violations of human rights they also
stress the right of civilians to receive, in
exceptional circumstances, material assistance
necessary for their survival. Independence,
impartiality, and neutrality are central to
achieving these goals and must be respected
during humanitarian operations in conflict areas
such as the former Yugoslavia and Somalia.
Toward Cooperation Between Humanitarian Aid And
Military Forces Sergio Vieira de Mello Director
of Policy Planning and Operations, United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (1995)
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Definition of Humanitarian Interventions
The term humanitarian in the notion of
humanitarian interventions is itself open to a
whole spectrum of interpretations. The broadest
ones includes any form of interventions against
any form of human suffering, whether caused by
flood, famine, war, civil conflict, or tyranny.
The narrowest ones implies staying away from the
political and the military dimensions, from
states and coercion together. It postulates that
an interventions ceases to be humanitarian if its
motives include a selfish calculus of economic or
strategic interests, or if its means or
consequences lead it to choose sides, to be
selective among its beneficiairies, or, even
worse, to threaten or inflict suffering or death
in the name of protection and peace
Hassner P. Hard Choice (1998) From War and
Peace to Violence and Intervention
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Activities
What are the criteria to define a  humanitarian
Activity  ?
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To stop Violations UN

• Coercitive diplomaty
• Peacekeeping
• Peace enforcement

Substitution to services which normally are
supposed to protect people
Integrity
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Actors
What are the criteria to define a humanitarian
actor ?
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Médecine Humanitaire
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Actors Activity
Actor
Political Field
X
Activity
Humanitarian Field
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Definition of Humanitarian intervention
The fundamental objectives of humanitarian action
is to alleviate suffering and save lives.
Ideally humanitarian action should also be free
of particularistic and political considerations
of the parties involved and of the aid donors.
Humanitarian action focuses on people and is
based on rights.