Chapter 20 Agro - environmental management and practice

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Chapter 20 Agro - environmental management and
practice
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Main content
20.1 Agricultural ecological environmental
problems and its harm 20.2 Agro - environmental
management and practice 20.3 Ecological
agriculture 20.4 Modern intensive sustainable
agriculture 20.5 Case study
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20.1 Agricultural ecological environmental
problems and its harm
20.1.1 Environmental problems of agricultural
production
Figure 20-1 Schematic diagram of common
agricultural environmental problems and its harm
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(1) Pesticide pollution

• Migration, proliferation, residues, aggregation
  behavior will pollute the atmosphere, water and
  soil and is harmful to the organisms
• The organisms accumulate gradually in vivo by the
  food chain,which make the top of the food chain
  organisms (including humans) with higher
  pesticide content in vivo
• It makes ecosystems lose their balance, cause the
  systems structure variation and function
  decline, and loss biodiversity.

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Figure 20-2 The cycle of pesticide in the
environment (Li and Fleck, 1972)
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? Organochlorine pesticides

• Chlorinated aromatic derivatives,including BHC,
  Dieldrin,and DDT etc.
• Stable structure,difficult to be oxidized,
  difficult to be dissociated ,high toxic, easy to
  be dissociated in organic solvents, particularly
  in adipose tissue, and is high efficient, high
  toxic,and high pesticide residue
• It accumulates in the organisms fat and liver by
  the food chain in a large number, harms the nerve
  center,casues liver enzyme changing, has
  pathological changes by violating the kidney,
  and the toxicity is difficult to degrade.
• It has been forbidden to use since 1983, but the
  accumulation of pesticides in the past, will
  continue to play a role in quite a long time

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? Organophosphorus pesticide

• Most containing phosphorus organic compounds are
  phosphate or amides, such as DDVP, 1605,
  malathion and kitazine etc.
• Highly toxic, easy to break down,the time of
  residue in the environment is short,not easy to
  accumulate in plants and animals,so it is often
  considered safe pesticides
• But its high toxicity to humans and animals,it
  can inhibit the acetylcholine esterase, lipase
  and serine proteases aliphatic in the body to
  disrupt normal nerve function, causing disorders
  of biochemical processes in vivo with the
  symptoms as vomiting, diarrhea, fecal
  incontinence and blood pressure rising,
  eventually leading to death. Therefore, its
  environment toxicity still can not be ignored.

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? Carbamate pesticides

• With phenyl-N-alkyl esters structure, the same
  as organic phosphorus pesticides,they all have a
  role in anti-cholinesterase, the same in
  poisoning symptoms, but there are differences in
  the mechanism
• It is easy to decompose in the natural
  environment, and can be metabolized rapidly in
  vivo. Usually the metabolites have more toxicity
  than their own, and are low-residue pesticides.
• Some species have acute toxicity, such as
  furadan, its oral LD50 is 8-14mg/Kg,and it is a
  high toxic pesticide
• This kind of pesticides may have the potential to
  cause carcinoma and teratogenesis.

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(2) Fertilizer pollution

• It play a considerable role in agricultural
  production, but if applying improperly it may be
  seriously cause the impact and harm to the soil,
  air, water, agricultural products, and the whole
  ecosystem.
• Ecosystem pollution is a multi-media environment
  pollution and contaminants in various environment
  media have physical, chemical and biological
  processes.So the pollutants in multi-media
  environment demonstrate relevance,
  transferability and cycle. (figure 20-3)

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Figure 20-3 Migration transformation rule of
chemical fertilizer nutrient element in the
environment
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? Nitrogen fertilizer pollution
Figure 20-4 Nitrogen fertilizer pollution brings
environmental problems
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?  Phosphate fertilizer pollution

• Phosphate fertilizer is not to be volatiled and
  weted.It has less effect to the atmospheric and
  ground water. However,it usually contains a
  variety of heavy metal and has potential impact
  to the soil and crops.
• In our phosphate rock, the amount of its fluoride
  containing is basically proportional to the
  phosphate containing, resulting increasing the
  fluoride content in the soil
• Phosphate fertilizer also contains trace amounts
  of natural radioactive elements. Especially in
  surrounding of the phosphate rock, there is a
  potential danger of radioactive pollution,and it
  is also polluting the environment in production
  process, transportation, and the trial process.

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? Potassium fertilizer and microelement
fertilizer pollution

• With the development of agricultural production,
  potash fertilizer and trace fertilizer are used
  widely. But if it is used improperly,it may still
  harm to the environment
• It may easy to destroy soil structure resulting
  in soil compaction,if improper use of potassium
  sulfateIt may accumulate the chloride ion in the
  soil, destroy soil structure, and reduce the
  quality and yield of some crops ,if potassium
  chloride is used improperly.
• Excessive trace elements could easily pollute the
  soil poisoning the crops, affecting the yield and
  quality

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(3) Poultry excrement pollution

• Large -scale livestock breeding base takes great
  pollution to the environment
• According to the statistics,the amount of
  livestock manure is more than 2.5 billion ton in
  China in year 2000,and is much more than the
  total national industrial solid waster
• Take a sample of the Hangzhou Bay,which has the
  most pollution in Yangtze River region. Its
  pollution is mainly caused by agricultural
  pollution,especially pesticides, fertilizers and
  poultry excrement pollution.
• Research shows that poultry excrement is the main
  renson which causing the pollution indicators of
  Hangzhou Bay exceeding the standard
  seriously.(see table20-1) At the same time, the
  pollution proportion is trending to increase(see
  table 20-2).

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Table 20-1 The proportion of main sources of
pollution indicators of Hangzhou Bay in year
1994(unit )
Notesquoted from Yang Chaofei,2001
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Table 20-2 The proportion of main sources of
pollution indicators of Hangzhou Bay in year
2013
(unit )
Notesquoted from Yang Chaofei,2001
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• The reason of why the faeces cause the pollution
  is that it has high concentrations of
  pollutants,and also contains large amounts of
  protein nitrogen, albuminoid nitrogen ,ammonia
  nitrogen and many phosphorus and a large number
  of pathogens (see table 20-3)
• When the faeces was directly discharged into the
  environment without treatment,it may
• Pollute the soil and groundwater
• Pollute the surface water, even the drinking
  water and endangering human health
• Stench pollution of the livestocks faeces

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Table 20-3 Physical and chemical properties of
livestock wastes
Notesquoted from Chen Weixin,1993
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(4) Biological pollution

• ? Biology invasion
• The harm caused by biology invasion to the
  agricultural ecological environment and natural
  resources damage is irreversible,and it
  accelerates biodiversity loss and species
  extinction
• Once the success alien species invasion, it will
  be very difficult to eradicate, and it will be
  expensive to control the damage.
• The direct economy loss caused by biological
  invasion is 122.6 billion U.S. dollars annually
  in America.
• The economy loss caused by several main invasive
  species is 54.7 billion Yuan per year,in China

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? Transgenic organism

• As unnatural evolution products, it has been
  widely disputed for its potential impact in human
  health and ecological environment safety since
  the success of recombinant DNA technology.
• Some experts believe that transgene crops or its
  wild relatives species can be changed to "super"
  weeds may cause gene escape, resulting in "super
  virus" danger to biological diversity may
  adversely affect to human health

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20.1.2 Agro-ecosystems damage
(1) The reduction of biodiversity On one hand
,agricultural production activities such as
farming, the use of pesticide and fertilizer and
plant and animal genetic improvement in
agriculture improves the productivity ,on the
other hand it also impacts the biological
diversity in agricultural ecosystems. Figure 20-5
shows the components and functions of biological
diversity in agricultural ecosystems
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Figure 20-5 Component and function of
biodiversity in agro-ecosystems Notesquoted from
Chenxin,etc ,2002
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(2) Soil degradation

• It is a phenomena and process,which the soil
  environment quality and carrying ability decline
  rapidly caused by humans improper development
  and utilization in natural environment.
• In the early stage of reclamation soil, it only
  destroys the balance of the natural vegetation
  and fertility of the soil and the vegetation can
  also be restored by abandonment of cultivated
  land and the fertility can be restored by use
  organic manure.
• But overuse of soil may cause the soil erosion,
  desertification, salinization, swampiness and
  soil fertility decline and other soil degradation
  phenomenon . Figure 20-6 is the classification of
  soil degradation

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Figure 20-6 Classification pattern of soil
degradation (quoted from Li Tianjie,1995)
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20.2 Agro - environmental management and practice

• 20.2.1 Agricultural environmental management
  system
• Agricultural environmental management agency
  
• Our national first-level environment division is
  Environment
• Protection Energy department of agriculture
  ministry.Meanwhile
• Agriculture Ministry sets up Environment
  Protection Committee
• to organize and coordinate environmental
  protection work in
• various sectors of agriculture.The corresponding
  environment
• management institution has also been set up in
  the agricultural
• sector of each province, autonomous region and
  municipality.

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(2) Agricultural environmental management object
Figure 20-7 Agricultural environmental
management object
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20.2.2 Agricultural environmental management
approach
Figure 20-8 The classification of agricultural
environmental management measures
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20.2.3 Agricultural environmental management
policy

• (1) Environment management in the constructing
  process in small towns
• industrialization makes agriculture lose the
  resources in process of urbanization
• land occupation
• the loss of high-quality workforce
• the of resources

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? The environment problem in small town
construction
Table 20-4 The environment problem in small town
construction
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? Environment measures to small towns
construction

• Adhere to balance the construction and ecological
  protection, enlarge environment planning for the
  small town
• Adhere to innovate in Intermediated Financing
  pluralistic system, enlarge investment in
  small-town environment protection
• Adhere to the sustainable development strategy,
  enlarge the ecological environment construction
  of small town

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(2) Reform of agricultural production mode
Agricultural industrialization is the new reform
of agricultural production mode
figure 20-9 The agricultural
production mode change meaning to the environment

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20.3 Ecological agriculture
20.3.1 Basic principles of Chinese
eco-agriculture construction 20.3.2 Technology
type of ecological agriculture
Figure 20-10 Mulberry-Dyke-Fish-PondSchematic
diagram of water and land exchange production
systems (quoted from the State Environmental
Protection Administration ,Chinese
Eco-Agriculture ,1991)
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20.3.3 Typical technology and environmental
protection
(1) Main techniques and environment effects of
material cycles in ecological agriculture system
Figure20-11 Main practical technology and
environmental benefits
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(2) In-system matter cycle process
Figure 20-12  Cycle model of Guquan ecological
farm ( quoted from the State Environmental
Protection Administration ,1991 )
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(3) Ecological agricultural system and
environment of circular use of materials

• Biogas is central link of system energy
  conversion, material recycling and comprehensive
  utilization of organic fertilizers, is the tie
  combining the primary producers, primary
  consumers and decomposers
• As the figure 20-13a,the energy substance is not
  fully used and just used a part of it in the
  agricultural cycle without biogas.
• The cycle becomes perfect and improves the
  utilization of energy substance after using the
  biogas (see figure 20-13b).It reduces the harm to
  the resource environment and is conducive to
  agricultural environment protection

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• The traditional agricultural circulation
  ( incomplete circulation )
• Virtuous circle of ecological agriculture system
• Figure 20-13 Comparison figure of two
  agricultural circulation

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(4) Ecological agricultural system energy
analysis of circular use of materials

• The energy input of natural ecosystem is maily
  the solar energy.But the energy inputs of
  artificial ecosystem are with many additional
  energy beside the solar energy which is named as
  artificial energy
• Agro-ecosystem is an artificial ecosystem,it can
  determine whether high yield and stability, and
  can find the problem in certain places and
  certain aspects to adopt effective measures by
  the analysis of energy input-output.

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  Figure 20-14 Input/output of
material circular ecological agriculture system
energy
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20.4 Modern intensive sustainable agriculture

• 20.4.1 The concept and aim of modern intensive
  sustainable agriculture
• Definition an acceptable mode of agricultural
  production operation which adopts the base
  methods to maintain the natural resource, ensures
  the people of present and future generations to
  meet the demand for agricultural products by
  technology and mechanisms transform , maintains
  the land, water, plant and animal genetic
  resources,and will not cause environment
  degradation.Its technology is appropriate,and
  also feasible in economy point.
• Aim Resource intensivism
• Production modernization
• Management industrialization

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20.5 Case study
The construction of Dazu eco-agriculture
demonstration zones

• Dazu County locates in southeast of Sichuan
  Basin,and west of Chongqing City
• Survey and zoning work of agricultural resources
  have been taking in Dazu County from 1980 -1982
  ,and there were serious problems in agriculture
  ecological environment the forest cover reduces
  to 320,000 mu in 1987 from the 1190,000 mu in
  early 1950s ,and the soil erosion is serious,
  the loss area achieving ??40.2 of the whole
  county covers area.
• In view of this serious situation, " the overall
  planning of eco-agriculture for south-north
  Mountain of Dazu County,."was completed in May
  1984

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Figure 20-15 Geographical diagram of Dazu(map of
Chongqing)
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Figure 20-16 The content of ecological
agriculture construction in Dazu
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(1) Ecological benefits analysis

• ? The ecological benefits analysis of rice-fish
  culture model
• Use of resources have been improved
• Improve the soil fertility and save the amount
  of fertilizer
• Beneficial to inhibit weed and pests, reducing
  the use of pesticide

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Figure 20-17 Material cycle and energy
conversion brief chart of fishing in paddy field
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? Analysis on biogas ecological project

• Dazu county is an agricultural county, and the
  straw output of rice, wheat, corn, beans, sorghum
  and other crops is much.The annual output of
  straw is 355,300 tons. It can produce 71 million
  m3 biogas if fully used the straw as raw material

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Figure 20-5 Analysis on typical model
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