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Title: Skeleton: Axial Exercise: 10 Page:123


1
Skeleton AxialExercise 10Page123
  • Lab 4

2
Classification of Bones
  • Human body consists in 206 bones. They are
    divided in two groups
  • Axial skeleton (form the long axis of the body)
    includes bones of the skull, vertebral column,
    and rib cage. Functions protecting, supporting
    or carry other body parts.
  • Appendicular skeleton bones of the upper and
    lower limbs, shoulder, and hip. Function
    locomotion and manipulation of our enviroment

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Classification of Bones By Shape
Bones come in many sizes and shapes. For most
part , bones are classified by their shape as
long, short flat and irregular
  • Long bones longer than they are wide (e.g.,
    humerus)
  • Has a shaft plus two ends

Ex All limb bones except patella and wrist and
ankle bones are long bone
Figure 6.2a
6
Classification of Bones By Shape
  • Short bones
  • Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
  • Sesamoid bones shaped like a sesame seed that
    form within tendons (e.g., patella). They vary in
    size and number in different individual. Some
    sesamoid bones act to atter the direction of pull
    of a tendon

Figure 6.2b
7
Classification of Bones By Shape
  • Flat bones thin, flattened, and a bit curved
    (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones)

Figure 6.2c
8
Classification of Bones By Shape
  • Irregular bones bones with complicated shapes
    (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)

Figure 6.2d
9
Function of Bones
  • Support form the framework that supports the
    body and cradles soft organs. Ex Lower limb
  • Protection provide a protective case for the
    brain (bones of skull), spinal cord (vertebrae),
    and vital organs (rib cage)
  • Movement provide levers for muscles
  • Mineral storage bone is a reservoir for
    minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
  • Blood cell formation hematopoiesis occurs
    within the marrow cavities of bones

10
Bone Markings Projections Sites of Muscle and
Ligament Attachment
  • Tuberosity rounded projection
  • Crest narrow, prominent ridge of bone
  • Trochanter large, blunt, irregular surface
  • Line narrow ridge of bone

11
Bone Markings Projections Sites of Muscle and
Ligament Attachment
  • Tubercle small rounded projection
  • Epicondyle raised area above a condyle
  • Spine sharp, slender projection
  • Process any bony prominence

12
Chemical Composition of Bone Organic
  • Bone has both organic and inorganic components.
  • Organic components
  • 1.-Cells
  • Osteoblasts bone-forming cells
  • Osteocytes mature bone cells
  • Osteoclasts large cells that resorb or break
    down bone matrix
  • 2.- Osteoid unmineralized bone matrix composed
    of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

13
The Skeleton
  • The skeleton (dried up body or mummy)
  • It is strong, yet light, and almost perfectly
    adapted for the protective, locomotor and
    manipulative functions it perform
  • Composed of bones, cartilages, joints and
    ligaments, accounts for about 20 of body mass.
  • The skeleton is divided into Axial and
    Appendicular

14
The Axial Skeleton
  • This part of skeleton supports the head, neck and
    trunk and it protects the brain, spinal cord and
    the organs in the thorax
  • Eighty bones segregated into three regions
  • 1.- Skull
  • 2.- Vertebral column
  • 3.- Bony thorax

15
The Skull
  • The skull, the bodys most complex bony
    structure, is formed by the cranium and facial
    bones
  • Cranium protects the brain and is the site of
    attachment for head and neck muscles
  • Facial bones
  • Supply the framework of the face, the sense
    organs, and the teeth
  • Provide openings for the passage of air and food
  • Anchor the facial muscles of expression

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17
Anatomy of the Cranium
  • The cranium can be divided in
  • 1.- cranial vault (calvaria)
  • 2.- cranial base (floor)
  • Eight cranial bones two parietal, two temporal,
    frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid

18
Frontal Bone
  • Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
  • Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones
    via the coronal suture
  • The most anterior part of the frontal bone is the
    vertical frontal squama, commonly called the
    forehead
  • Major markings include the supraorbital margins,
    the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal
    sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella)

19
Skull Anterior View
Figure 7.2a
20
Skull Posterior View
Figure 7.2b
21
Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
  • They are curved, rectangular bones. Form most of
    the superior and lateral aspects of the skull

Figure 7.3a
22
Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings
  • It articulates anteriorly with the paired
    parietal and temporal bones via the lambdoid and
    occipitomastoid sutures.
  • It also joins with the sphenoid bone in the
    cranial floor via a plate called the pharingeal
    tubercule.
  • Forms most of skulls posterior wall and base
  • Major markings include the posterior cranial
    fossa, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and
    the hypoglossal canal

Figure 7.2b
23
Temporal Bones
  • Between the styloid and mastoid processes exist
    the stylomastoid foramen that allow cranial nerve
    VII to leave the skull.
  • The mastoid region of the temporal bone exhibits
    the conspicuous mastoid process, an anchoring
    site for some neck muscles

Figure 7.5
24
Sphenoid Bone
Figure 7.6a, b
25
Ethmoid Bone
Allow the olfatory nerves to pass from the smell
receptors in the nasal cavites to the brain
Figure 7.7
26
Mandible and Its Markings
Figure 7.8a
27
Maxillary Bone
The anterior nasal spine allows the infraorbital
nerve and artery to reach the face
Figure 7.8b
28
Vertebral Column Ribs
29
Vertebral Column
  • Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae)
    connected in such a way that a flexible curved
    structure results
  • Cervical vertebrae 7 bones of the neck
  • Thoracic vertebrae 12 bones of the torso
  • Lumbar vertebrae 5 bones of the lower back
  • Sacrum bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae
    that articulates with the hip bones

30
Vertebral Column Curvatures
  • Posteriorly concave curvatures cervical and
    lumbar
  • Posteriorly convex curvatures thoracic and
    sacral
  • Abnormal spine curvatures include scoliosis
    (abnormal lateral curve), kyphosis (hunchback),
    and lordosis (swayback)

31
Vertebral Column Ligaments
  • Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
    continuous bands down the front and back of the
    spine from the neck to the sacrum
  • Short ligaments connect adjoining vertebrae
    together

32
Vertebral Column Ligaments
Figure 7.14a
33
Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs
  • Cushionlike pad composed of two parts
  • Nucleus pulposus inner gelatinous nucleus that
    gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
  • Annulus fibrosus surrounds the nucleus pulposus
    with a collar composed of collagen and
    fibrocartilage

34
Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs
Figure 7.14b
35
General Structure of Vertebrae
  • Body or centrum disc-shaped, weight-bearing
    region
  • Vertebral arch composed of pedicles and laminae
    that, along with the centrum, enclose the
    vertebral foramen
  • Vertebral foramina make up the vertebral canal
    through which the spinal cord passes

36
General Structure of Vertebrae
  • Spinous processes project posteriorly, and
    transverse processes project laterally
  • Superior and inferior articular processes
    protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the
    pedicle-lamina junctions
  • Intervertebral foramina lateral openings formed
    from notched areas on the superior and inferior
    borders of adjacent pedicles

37
General Structure of Vertebrae
Figure 7.15
38
Cervical Vertebrae
  • Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest,
    lightest vertebrae
  • C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, short
    spinous processes, and large, triangular
    vertebral foramina
  • Each transverse process contains a transverse
    foramen

39
Cervical Vertebrae
Table 7.2
40
Cervical Vertebrae The Atlas (C1)
  • The atlas has no body and no spinous process
  • It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and
    two lateral masses
  • The superior surfaces of lateral masses
    articulate with the occipital condyles

41
Cervical Vertebrae The Atlas (C1)
Figure 7.16a, b
42
Cervical Vertebrae The Axis (C2)
  • The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches
    as do other cervical vertebrae
  • Unique to the axis is the dens, or odontoid
    process, which projects superiorly from the body
    and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas
  • The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

43
Cervical Vertebrae The Axis (C2)
Figure 7.16c
44
Cervical Vertebrae The Atlas (C2)
Figure 7.17a
45
Thoracic Vertebrae
  • There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which
    articulate with ribs
  • Major markings include two facets and two
    demifacets on the heart-shaped body, the circular
    vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a
    long spinous process
  • The location of the articulate facets prevents
    flexion and extension, but allows rotation of
    this area of the spine

46
Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7.17b
47
Lumbar Vertebrae
  • The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in
    the small of the back and have an enhanced
    weight-bearing function
  • They have short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat
    hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a
    triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
  • Orientation of articular facets locks the lumbar
    vertebrae together to provide stability

48
Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.17c
49
Sacrum
  • Sacrum
  • Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which
    shape the posterior wall of the pelvis
  • It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the
    auricular surfaces of the hip bones
  • Major markings include the sacral promontory,
    transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina,
    sacral canal, and sacral hiatus

50
Coccyx
  • Coccyx (Tailbone)
  • The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases
    three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate
    superiorly with the sacrum

51
Sacrum and Coccyx Anterior View
Figure 7.18a
52
Characteristics of Cervical,Thoracic and Lumbar
Vertebrae
53
Homeostatic Imbalance
  • Herniated (prolapsed) disc.
  • Severe or sudden physical trauma to the spine,
    may result in hernation of one or more discs. A
    herniated disc (slipped disc) usually involves
    rupture of the annulus fibrosus followed by
    protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus through
    the annulus (Fig 7.14). If the protrusion presses
    on the spinal cord or on spinal nerves exiting
    from the cord, numbness or excruciating pay
    result.
  • Treatments moderated exercise, massage, heat
    ther. and painkillers if this fail? surgery

54
Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
  • The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic
    vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the
    sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
  • Functions
  • Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs,
    and great blood vessels
  • Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
  • Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest,
    and shoulder muscles
  • Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the
    thorax during breathing

55
Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
Figure 7.19b
56
Sternum (Breastbone)
  • A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the
    anterior midline of the thorax
  • Results from the fusion of three bones the
    superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior
    xiphoid process
  • Anatomical landmarks include the jugular
    (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the
    xiphisternal joint

57
Ribs
  • There are twelve pair of ribs forming the flaring
    sides of the thoracic cage
  • All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic
    vertebrae
  • The superior 7 pair (true, or vertebrosternal
    ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal
    cartilages
  • Ribs 8-10 (false, or vertebrocondral ribs) attach
    indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage
  • Ribs 11-12 (floating, or vertebral ribs) have no
    anterior attachment

58
Ribs
Figure 7.19a
59
Structure of a Typical True Rib
  • Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck,
    tubercle, and shaft

Figure 7.20
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