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Deviance and Social Control

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Blame the media *See video clip* Many theories link Violent/ Deviant behavior to the Media through Social Learning Theory ... (family, school, church) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Deviance and Social Control


1
Deviance and Social Control

Deviance-a violation of a social norm Conformity-
adherence (following) a social norm
2
Norm Reminder
  • Norms- guidelines that govern our thoughts,
    beliefs, and behavior
  • A-Prescriptive Norms- tell us what to do-
  • Excuse me
  • B-Proscriptive Norms- tell us what not to do-
  • Thou shall not
  • Three types of norms
  • Mores, folkways, and Laws- See culture notes for
    definitions

3
Types of Deviance
  • Negative Deviance behavior that fails to meet
    certain norms (under conformity)
  • -Examples dress code violation, swearing in
    class, stealing
  • Positive Deviance behavior that over-conforms
  • to social expectations
  • -Examples anorexia, perfectionist tendencies

4
Social Control- Ways to encourage conformity to
social norms
  • Internal Social Control this lies within the
    individual and is developed in the socialization
    process.
  • Instilling a sense on right vs. wrong
  • External Social Control rewards or punishments
    that encourage conformity to social norms
  • -Positive sanctions awards, money, smiles
  • -Negative sanctions criticism, fines,
    imprisonment

5
Tolerance of Deviant Behavior
  • Range of Tolerance a scope of behaviors
    acceptable and defined as conformity, although
    technically a norm has been violated (speed
    limit)
  • Sociologist Ruth Cavans Model (1961)
  • There is a range of tolerance for conformity to
    a norm over-conformity and under-conformity can
    both be equally deviant. (See model)

6
In defining deviance and conformity- Time, Place,
Situation, and Culture all play a factor. All
crime is deviant, but not all deviance is
considered criminal
7
History-Popular Explanations for Deviance
  • Historically, deviance was attributed to demonic
    possession, evil, or sinful.
  • -Exorcisms, trepidation
  • http//religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/the-real-
    exorcist-no-sympathy-for-the-devil/?irefNS1
  • What do you believe?????
  • In the 18-19th century people began examining
    scientific reasons for deviance/ conformity
  • Cesare Lombroso- stated that atavism a
    genetic traits that distinguished criminals from
    the normal population
  • Physical attributes include large lower jaw,
    high brow with ridge
  • (caveman looking) also an insensitivity to pain
  • Phrenology- a study of the bumps on the skull-
    linked to criminal behavior
  • In the 20th century, Family Pedigree became the
    focus of attention- the key being a genetic
    predisposition for criminal behavior (ei.
    Aggression)

8
Current Theories on Deviant Behavior
  • 1. Blame the media
  • See video clip
  • Many theories link Violent/ Deviant behavior to
    the Media through Social Learning Theory (we
    model what we see).
  • Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior
  • Portrayals of violence show a direct increase in
    violent behavior in children in both the
    laboratory and the real world.
  • Study have shown that when a famous person
    commits suicidethe overall suicide rate rises
  • Music- heavy metal and rap music studies have
    shown similar results.

9
Task Debate
  • Topic Social Media does/ does not cause deviant
    behavior.
  • Get into groups based on your opinion (no more
    than 4 per group)
  • Create a hypothesis
  • Find support for your hypothesis- case studies,
    research, etc.
  • Create a statement (paragraph) that a member of
    your group can read to the class that includes
    you hypothesis, factual support, analysis, case
    study, etc.
  • Goal To give a COMPLELLING argument supporting
    your hypothesis
  • The class will vote on the most compelling
    statement and that group will receive extra
    credit---you will have 4 minutes max!

10
Current theories continued
  • 2. Medical Model -views deviance as an illness
  • The criminal must be ill and therefore cured
    of their illness.
  • Deviant people are mentally ill
  • Individuals are defined as curable or
    incurable

11
Sociological Analysis of Deviance and Conformity
  • Structural Functionalist Perspective
  • Deviance and conformity are integral to society
  • There are functional consequences (changes to
    unjust laws, jobs) and dysfunctional consequences
    (people harmed, financial loss, social order
    loss)
  • Examples
  • H. Spencer- Social Pathology- deviance is a
    problem that threatens the survival of society
  • E. Durkheim- anomie is a condition in which
    norms are weak, conflicting, or absent- this
    creates a disorganized society.
  • This leads to strain Theories- is the idea that
    deviance is more likely to occur when there is a
    gap between culturally desired goals and
    legitimate ways of obtaining them.

12
Stigma- any characteristic that sets people apart
and discredits and disqualifies them from full
acceptance and participation.
  • Erving Goffman (1963) identifies three principal
    types of stigma experienced by those rejected by
    society
  • Abominations of the body physical limitations,
    deformity, of any physical condition not seen as
    normal
  • Blemishes of Individual Character individuals
    seen as immoral, dishonest, mental disorders,
    addiction, diseases that could e linked to some
    types of deviant behavior AIDS, Lung Cancer
  • Tribal Stigma- Individuals who are discredited
    because they are associated with a group seen as
    deviant- race, ethnicity, religion, sexual
    orientation, or an affiliation with a group.
  • Often stigmatized people are treated as less
    than human

13
How do people respond to social strain?
  • Mertons theory- people adapt in various ways in
    a chaotic situation or anomie
  • (2-5 all are considered deviant)
  • Conformity- accept and pursue culturally
    acceptable norms
  • Innovation- rejects means or it is no available
    to them and they substitute deviant means to
    achieve goals (drug dealer).
  • Ritualism- appears to accept goals and means, but
    confuses them (gets caught up with means-never
    achieves goal).
  • Retreatism- rejects goals and means- drops our of
    society.
  • Rebellion- rejects goals and means and replaces
    them with deviant ones

14
  • E. Durkheim- Theory of Suicide-Made connections
    between the act of suicide and social structure.
  • 4 types of suicide
  • Egoist- occurs in large societies where
    individuals do not feel integrated into society
  • Altruistic- in small societies where suicide in
    seen necessary for survival (religious martyrs)
  • Anomic- feel a lack of control, chaotic situation
    (natural disasters, social upheaval)
  • Fatalistic- feel a lack of freedom/hope (love
    pacts, prisoners)

15
Control Theory
  • Travis Hirshis Theory -2001
  • Conformity depends on strong social bonds between
    individuals and society
  • Social Bond theory- the stronger the attachment
    to a social institution (family, school, church)
    to more likely conformity is affirmed
  • 4 Basic elements of social bonds
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief

16
  • Containment theory- individuals who have strong
    inner containment (internalized norms, morals,
    values) and outer containment (agents of social
    control- parents, teachers, police officer) the
    more likely they are to conform
  • Techniques of Neutralization people who are
    conformists do not rationalize deviant behavior-
    they see it as irrational. Deviance uses one of
    the following techniques to rationalize their
    behavior
  • Denial of responsibility
  • Denial of injury
  • Denial of a victim
  • Condemnation of Condemners
  • Appeals to a Higher Authority

17
Conflict Perspective
  • Deviance arises when groups with power attempt to
    impose their norms and values on the less
    powerful group
  • Power Theory
  • Those in power have more opportunity to make and
    enforce norms- they determine who and what is
    deviant
  • Only few individuals are in power, only they have
    access to commit certain types of deviance.
  • The more emphasis that are in place on the
    criminal justice system and individual deviance,
    the less people will be focused on those who make
    and enforce the laws.
  • Elite Deviance- all aspects of white collar crime
    and all deviant acts committed by those in power
    (pollution, deceptive advertising, fraud)
  • Even though the cost to the tax payers hundreds
    of billions of dollars a year- they are treated
    even more leniently than other criminals. Why?

18
Conflict Perspective continued
  • Race, ethnicity, and crime
  • In the criminal justice system-
  • African Americans and Latinos are treated more
    harshly in indictments, convictions, sentencing,
    and parole than people who are white- even when
    the offense is the same
  • Examples
  • 1- African Americans account for 1.3 of the
    population, but 42 of the death row population
  • In interracial murders (which are not of the
    norm) an African American is sentenced for the
    murder of a white person is much more likely to
    be sentenced to death that visa-versa.
  • Nearly ½ of all homicide victims are black, yet
    the vast majority of people on death row are
    there for murdering people who are white.

19
Why are minorities and whites treated so
differently
  • Conflict Theory Suggestions
  • Unequal access to good legal resources
  • Victim discounting reduces the seriousness of
    crimes directed at the members of lower classes.
  • If the victim is seen as less valuable, the crime
    less serious, the penalty is less severe.

20
  • Interactionists Perspective- deviance in a result
    of social interaction.
  • Labeling- deviance and conformity are labels
    assigned to certain people and certain acts-
    deviance is relative
  • When two people break the same norms- only one
    may be labeled deviant. Why?
  • Primary Deviance- a person engages in only
    isolated acts of deviance- it is not part of
    their lifestyle
  • Secondary Deviance- deviance in part of the
    individuals self- concept/lifestyle- they have
    been labeled

21
Interactionist Perspective cont
  • Social Learning- all behavior (including deviant)
    is learned
  • Differential Association Theory- deviant behavior
    is learned through interaction with other deviant
    individuals
  • The ratio of deviant to non-deviant individuals
  • Whether the deviance is practiced by a sig. Other
  • The age of exposure
  • Differential Reinforcement- conformity or
    deviance in dependant upon who an individual
    associates with and their reactions to the
    deviant behavior

22
The costs and benefits of Deviance
  • Negative Effects
  • Erodes Trust
  • Causes non- conforming in others
  • Can be expensive/costly
  • Positive Effects
  • Clarifies Norms
  • Temporary safety value- relieving pressure
  • Increases Unity
  • Promotes needed social change

23
Crime and Punishment
  • U.S. crime statistics come from the FBI and the
    US Census
  • Crime- a violation of a statute law
  • There are more than 4,000 federal crimes alone...
  • Crime in the USA is on the decline
  • Approx. 17 million US households (15) experience
    on or more crimes (down 25 since 1994)
  • 2003, more than 3 million households reported
    being victims of a violent crime

24
Four Approaches to control and punish law breakers
  • 1- Deterrence- discourages criminal acts by
    threatening punishment
  • When does deterrence work? When the offenders are
    likely to be caught and the punishment is known
    to be quick and severe.
  • Does Capital punishment deter crime?
  • 2-Retribution- punishment intended to make
    criminals pay compensation for their acts
  • 3- Incarceration- a method of protecting society
    from criminals by keeping them in prison
  • 3 strikes law. Does it work?
  • Rehabilitation- process of changing or reforming
    a criminal through socialization
  • Recidivism- a repetition of or return to criminal
    behavior
  • More than ½ of people released from prison will
    be back within 3-5 years

25
  • Pros/Cons
  • Stats.
  • US is one of the only industrialized nations with
    the death penalty- UN highly criticizes the US
    for this
  • US has one of highest homicide rates via the use
    of handguns (over 10,000 deaths per year on
    average)
  • 38 states have the death penalty- five different
    methods are still on the books with lethal
    injection being the most utilized method
  • Federal system uses the death penalty
  • Capital punishment is costly 2.1 million dollars
  • Cost or life imprisonment800,000 dollars/40
    years
  • The 1 factor in determining probability of
    getting the death penalty- socioeconomic status.
    2 race
  • The race that has the highest percentage of
    people on death row while _at_51, followed by
    blacks _at_42
  • Many factors in determining if the death penalty
    applies, but main causes are homicide with
    extenuating circumstances and lack of remorse.
  • See Handouts

26
Sociopaths/Psychopaths
  • currently there is debate whether they are the
    same or different
  • most debate centers around the sociopathic
    tendency to try to integrate into society,
    whereas a psychopath has a tendency to be very
    open about their deviant tendenciescould this
    lead to the nature/nurture debate?
  • Define lack of regard for moral or legal
    standards in the local culture- marked by an
    inability to get along with others/rules

27
Diagnostic criteria Antisocial personality
disorder
  • -repeated acts that could lead to arrest
  • -conning for pleasure/profit
  • -repeated assaults on others
  • -repeated lying or the use of aliases
  • -reckless when it comes to the safety of others
  • -poor work behavior, failure to honor obligations
  • -rationalizing the pain they cause others
  • -at least 18 years old
  • - evidence of conduct disorder with onset before
    15
  • - symptoms not sue to another mental disorder/
    drug use

28
Profile of a Sociopath/Psychopath
  • Glib/Superficial Charm
  • Manipulative and Conning
  • Grandiose sense of self
  • Pathological liar
  • Lack of remorse, shame, guilt
  • Shallow emotions
  • Incapacity for love
  • Need for stimulation
  • Callousness /lack of empathy
  • Poor behavior controls/impulsive nature
  • Early behavioral problems/Juvenile Delinquency
  • Irresponsibility/Unreliability
  • Promiscuity/ Infidelity
  • Lack of Realistic Life Plan/Parasitic Lifestyle
  • Criminal Versatility

29
Assignment Profile a Sociopath
  • See worksheetdue Monday!
  • Examples
  • Gary Ridgway, the Green River Killer
  • http//www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/14/easy.prey.gree
    n.river.survivor/index.html?hptT2
  • Jeffrey Dahmer
  • http//www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/stone-phill
    ips-jeffrey-dahmer-interview-segment-1-part-4-of-6
    /c30ee03589a83b4a6d7cc30ee03589a83b4a6d7c-28636951
    4645?qjeffrey20Dahmer20interviewsFORMVIRE5

30
Examples
  • Jack the Ripper Responsible for the murders of
    prostitutes from the Whitechapel Area of London
    in 1888, Jack the Rippers identity is yet
    unknown. His victims were prostitutes and they
    were brutally murdered and some of their internal
    organs were surgically removed by the killer.
    Ed Gein He was a famous serial killer and
    proved to be an inspiration for Thomas Harris for
    creating the famous character of Hannibal Lecter
    in "The Silence of the Lambs". Ed Gein would skin
    his victims, exhume corpses and then decorate his
    home with parts of their bodies and use the skin
    to make clothes and furniture items. He died on
    the 26th of July, 1984 in a mental institution.
  • The Zodiac Killer He was responsible for five
    known murders in North Carolina in the 1960s. His
    identity remains unknown till date. He would
    target men and women between the ages of 16 and
    29 and would leave a taunting sign of a crosshair
    like symbol in subsequent letters to the Police
    Department. A few of his cryptic messages are
    still not de-coded.Charles Manson This serial
    killer has re-defined evil. He was the leader of
    a hippie cult in San Francisco called as "The
    Family" formed around 1967. Members were mostly
    men and women who were rebelling against their
    parents and in deep emotional trouble. He used
    drugs and convinced them to go on killing
    rampages to rob the wealthy to provide for "The
    Family". They would then write messages soaked in
    the blood of the victims on the walls of the
    house.

31
Examples
  • Ted Bundy One of the most notorious serial
    killers in history, he was responsible for the
    rape and murder of several women between 1974 and
    1978. An educated and charming young man, he
    either raped and then killed the women or killed
    and then raped them. His method of killing was
    either by strangulation or by bludgeoning the
    women. He was arrested on the 16th of August,
    1975, but escaped within 17 hours of his capture.
    He was subsequently arrested on the 15th of
    February, 1978. On the 24th of January, 1989, Ted
    Bundy was sent to the electric chair.David
    Berkowitz Known as the "Son of Sam", he was
    responsible for killing six women and wounding
    several others in shootings using a .44 caliber
    pistol in the 1970s in New York City. He was
    arrested by the Police on the 10th of August,
    1977 outside his apartment in New York.

32
Here is a list of Famous Female Serial Killers
  • Mary Ann Cotton She was an English Serial
    Killer and had killed more than 20 people,
    including her own children, by using arsenic and
    then collected their insurance money. She was
    hanged on the 24th of March, 1873 at the Durham
    County Jail.Marybeth Tinning Working as a
    nurses aide, she was notorious for having killed
    nine of her own children by strangulating them
    and taking them to the hospital almost dead. She
    went un-noticed by the hospital authorities for a
    very long time, since they thought that these
    deaths were a genetic problem in the family. When
    she brought her adopted son to the hospital in an
    unconscious state, and he was later declared to
    be dead, the doctors began to suspect foul play.
    She was convicted on the 17th of July, 1987 and
    was sentenced to life imprisonment.Nannie Doss
    Also known as the "Giggling Granny" she was
    responsible for the killing of 11 people between
    1920 and 1954. Her victims included her two
    sisters, her mother, a grandson, a nephew and her
    four husbands. She was sentenced to life
    imprisonment in 1955 and died 10 years later of
    leukemia.

33
  • Belle Gunness Born in 1859, her whereabouts
    still unknown, she was responsible for the
    killings of more than 20 suitors and all of her
    children. Belle was also famous for burning down
    houses and collecting insurance money for the
    property and for her dead husbands. Later on, she
    progressed to placing an advertisement for a
    husband in a newspaper and luring prospective
    suitors to her home and killing them. She would
    bury the bodies in her farm and hog
    pen.Dorothea Puente In 1988, this 60 year old
    woman was sentenced to serve two terms of life
    imprisonment for the murders of at least 9
    people. She would run a boarding house for
    elderly disabled people, and rob them of their
    benefit money. She would also kill them and keep
    on taking the government benefits by forging
    their checks.Aileen Wuornos An American Serial
    Killer, she was a prostitute and was put to death
    by lethal injection on the 9th of October, 1992.
    She was charged with killing seven men, who she
    claimed (attempted to) rape her while she was
    working as a prostitute.
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