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Personality

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Title: Personality


1
  • Chapter 12
  • Personality

2
Chapter Preview
  • Psychodynamic Perspectives
  • Humanistic Perspectives
  • Trait Perspectives
  • Personological and Life Story Perspectives
  • Social Cognitive Perspectives
  • Biological Perspectives
  • Personality Assessment
  • Personality and Health and Wellness

3
Personality
  • a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts,
  • emotions, and behaviors that characterize the
  • way an individual adapts to the world

4
Psychodynamic Perspectives
  • personality is primarily unconscious
  • understanding personality involves exploring the
    symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious
    mind
  • early childhood experiences sculpt the
    individuals personality

5
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Freud and Psychoanalysis
  • sex drive main determinant of personality
    development
  • Hysteria
  • physical symptoms without physical cause
  • overdetermined multiple unconscious causes
  • Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality

6
Personality Structure
  • Id
  • instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
  • pleasure principle
  • Ego
  • deals with the demands of reality
  • reality principle
  • Superego
  • moral branch of personality conscience

7
Personality Structure
8
Defense Mechanisms
  • conflict between the id, ego, and superego
    results in anxiety
  • defense mechanisms reduce anxiety by
    unconsciously distorting reality not
    necessarily unhealthy
  • repression
  • foundation for all defense mechanisms
  • push unacceptable impulses out of awareness

9
Defense Mechanisms
  • repression
  • rationalization
  • displacement
  • sublimation
  • projection
  • reaction formation
  • denial
  • regression

10
Defense Mechanisms
11
Defense Mechanisms
12
Psychosexual Stages
  • Oral Stage 0-18 Months
  • infants pleasure centers on the mouth
  • Anal Stage 18-36 Months
  • childs pleasure involves eliminative functions
  • Phallic Stage 3-6 Years
  • childs pleasure focuses on the genitals
  • Oedipal complex
  • castration anxiety

13
Phallic Stage
  • Pleasure focuses on genitals
  • discovery that self-stimulation is enjoyable
  • Oedipus Complex
  • boys intense desire to replace father and enjoy
    affections of mother
  • castration Anxiety
  • boys intense fear of being mutilated by father
  • identifying with father and adopting male gender
    role to reduce conflict, as foundation for
    superego
  • without experience of castration anxiety, girls
    cannot develop superego like boys

14
Psychosexual Stages (contd)
  • Latency Stage 6 Years - Puberty
  • psychic time-out
  • interest in sexuality is repressed
  • Genital Stage Adolescence and Adulthood
  • sexual reawakening
  • source of sexual pleasure is someone else
  • Fixation - remain locked in particular
    developmental
  • stage (e.g., anal retentive)

15
Psychosexual Stages
16
Dissenters and Revisionists
  • sexuality not pervasive force behind
    personality
  • early experience not as powerful as Freud
    thought
  • importance of conscious thought
  • sociocultural influences

17
Dissenters and Revisionists
  • Horneys Sociocultural Approach
  • both sexes envy the attributes of the other
  • need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
  • Jungs Analytical Theory
  • collective unconscious and archetypes
  • Adlers Individual Psychology
  • perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator

18
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory
  • Criticisms
  • too much emphasis on early experiences
  • too much faith in unconscious minds control
  • too much emphasis on sexual instincts
  • theory can not be tested
  • Contributions
  • importance of childhood experiences
  • development proceeds in stages
  • role of unconscious processes

19
Humanistic Perspectives
  • emphasis on a persons capacity for
  • personal growth and positive human
  • qualities

20
Humanistic Perspectives
  • Abraham Maslow
  • third force psychology
  • self-actualization
  • peak experiences
  • biased since focus was on highly successful
    individuals

21
Humanistic Perspectives
  • Carl Rogers
  • personal growth and self-determination
  • unconditional positive regard
  • - conditions of worth
  • - self-concept
  • empathy
  • genuineness

22
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
  • Contributions
  • self-perception is key to personality
  • consider the positive aspects of human nature
  • emphasize conscious experience
  • Criticisms
  • too optimistic about human nature
  • promotes self-love and narcissism

23
Trait Perspectives
  • Trait
  • an enduring disposition that leads to
    characteristic responses
  • traits are the building blocks of personality
  • Trait Theories
  • people can be described by their typical behavior
  • strong versus weak tendencies

24
Trait Perspectives
  • Gordon Allport
  • personality understood through traits
  • behavior consistent across situations
  • lexical approach ? 4500 traits
  • W. T. Norman
  • five factor model
  • broad traits main dimensions of personality

25
Five Factor Model of Personality
26
Evaluating Trait Perspectives
  • Contributions
  • traits influence health, cognitions, career
    success, and interpersonal relations
  • Criticisms
  • ignores the role of the situation in behavior
  • ignores nuances of an individuals personality

27
Personological Perspectives
  • focusing on an individuals
  • life history or life story
  • Henry Murray
  • personology the study of the whole person
  • motives are largely unconscious
  • thematic apperception test (TAT)
  • - need for achievement, affiliation, and power

28
Life Story Approach
  • Dan McAdams
  • our life story is our identity
  • intimacy motivation
  • Psychobiography
  • applying personality theory to one persons life

29
Evaluating Life Story Approach
  • Contributions
  • rich record of an individuals experience
  • Criticisms
  • difficult and time-consuming
  • - extensive coding and content analysis
  • prone to bias
  • not easily generalized

30
Social Cognitive Perspectives
  • emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs,
    expectations, and goals
  • incorporates principles from behaviorism when
    exploring
  • - reasoning
  • - beliefs
  • - self reflection
  • - interpretation of situation

31
Social Cognitive Perspectives
  • Albert Bandura
  • reciprocal determinism
  • - behavior, environment, and cognitive
  • factors interact to create personality
  • Key Processes and Variables
  • observational learning
  • personal control
  • self-efficacy

32
Reciprocal Determinism
33
Social Cognitive Perspectives
  • Walter Mischel
  • Situationalism
  • - behavior and personality vary
    considerably across context
  • CAPS Model of Personality
  • - stability over time rather than across
    situations
  • - interconnections among cognitions and
    emotions affect our behavior

34
Evaluating Social Cognitive Theory
  • Contributions
  • focuses on interactions of individuals with their
    environments
  • suggests people can control their environment
  • Criticisms
  • too concerned with change and the situation
  • ignores the role of biology
  • very specific predictions hinder generalization

35
Biological Perspectives
  • Personality and the Brain
  • brain damage alters personality
  • brain responses correlate with personality
  • Eysenks Reticular Activation System Theory
  • extraverts and introverts have different
    base-line levels of arousal
  • Grays Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
  • behavioral activation system and behavioral
    inhibition system

36
Eysencks RAS Theory
  • Reticular Activating System (RAS)
  • Located in brain stem
  • Plays role in wakefulness or arousal
  • Eysencks Theory
  • All share optimal arousal level
  • RAS of extraverts and introverts may differ in
    baseline levels of arousal, with behaviors aimed
    at regulating arousal around these baselines
  • But introverts may just be more sensitive to
    stimuli

37
Grays Reinforcement Sensitivity
  • Behavioral approach system (BAS) and behavioral
    inhibition system (BIS) underlie personality
  • Differences in sensitivity to rewards and
    punishers
  • BAS
  • Sensitive to rewards
  • Predisposition to positive emotion
  • Underlies extraversion
  • BIS
  • Sensitive to punishers
  • Predisposition to fear
  • Underlies neuroticism

38
Biological Perspectives
  • Role of Neurotransmitters
  • growth of dopamine receptors stimulated by warm
    care-givers
  • disposes person to reward-sensitivity
    (extraversion)
  • less serotonin in circulation leads to negative
    mood (neuroticism)

39
Biological Perspectives
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence
    on Big Five traits
  • most traits influenced by multiple genes
  • Evaluating the Biological Perspective
  • ties personality to animal learning, brain
    imaging, and evolutionary theory
  • criticisms (e.g., biology may be the effect, not
    the cause, of personality)

40
Personality Assessment
  • Self-Report Tests
  • beware social desirability
  • empirically-keyed tests used to get around social
    desirability problem
  • - test takers do not know what is being measured
  • - test items not related to purpose of test
  • - MMPI is an example

41
Personality Assessment
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  • 567 items
  • controls for social desirability
  • assesses mental health and used to make hiring
    decisions and to determine criminal risk
  • Neuroticism Extraversion Openness
  • Personality Inventory-Revised
  • assesses the big five factors and 6 subdimensions

42
Personality Assessment
  • Myers Briggs Type Indicator
  • four dimensions used to make personnel decisions
  • - extraversion-introversion
  • - sensing-intuiting
  • - thinking-feeling
  • - judgment-perception
  • not empirically supported
  • Barnum effect

43
Personality Assessment
  • Projective Tests
  • psychodynamic approach
  • project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli
  • Rorschach inkblot test
  • personality score based on description of
    inkblots
  • questionable reliability and validity
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time
  • elicited stories reveal an individuals
    personality

44
Rorschach Inkblot Test
45
Thematic Apperception Test
46
Other Assessment Methods
  • direct behavioral observation
  • cognitive assessment of attention and memory
  • peer ratings
  • psychophysiological measures (e.g., polygraph)
  • brain imaging
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