smoke n mira/racepoverty theurbanenvironmentproferaquelriverapinderhughesurban

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smoke n mira/racepovertytheurbanenvironmentprofer
aquelriverapinderhughesurban studiesprogramsanfr
anciscostateuniversityspring2003occhipintinick
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Tobacco came into being as a naturally grown herb
in what is known today as the US, on Native
American (northern, central, southern and
Caribbean) land, by Native peoples who used it
for prayer, healing, respect and spiritual
protection. Tobacco was cultivated by Native
communities to fulfill these purposes and not to
the extent to which it was later commodified and
commercialized.
Native ways
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Introduction to Europeans finds its roots in
Native offerings to Christopher Columbus and his
crew, whose trips to and from Europe to brought
the product into what would expand rapidly by
promotion as a fashionable habit. By the
mid-16th century, tobacco was on its way to
becoming a popular import and distribution
throughout Europe. The globalization of a
profitable resource in European markets spread
tobacco in step with the slave trade and industry
expanding from the 16th century on.
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this is a stick up
. The variety of products manufactured by
European and US companies eventually found
primary marketing through cigarettes, which
gained in popularity and production with the
industrial expansion of the late 18th and 19th
centuries.

• . Considerable market expansion came with the
  popularization of cigars and smaller versions of
  the hand-rolled tobacco cigarscigarettes.

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promoted and popularized heavily in the US during
the Civil War and skyrocketed in production by
World War I. By World War II, record high sales
were being achieved by some of the most popular
brands still marketed today.
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Tobacco companies distributed billions of free
cigarettes to US troops during World Wars I and
II, setting off the fastest rise in smoking and
cigarette sales ever in the US.
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"Tobacco is as indispensable as the daily ration
we must have thousands of tons of it without
delay. It is essential for the defense of
democracyYou ask me what we need to win this
war. I answer tobacco as much as bullets.
-General John J. Pershing, Commander of American
forces, France, 1918
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The expansion of international tobacco
cultivation over the latter 20th century as an
import has reached more than 100 countries, with
80 of those as developing, 3rd World nations.
Regulation of processing, manufacture and
distribution has been heavily emphasized but
rarely enforced in pressuring tobacco companies
to consider the health risks of using tobacco,
especially among younger generations.
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Tobacco cultivation and use has developed into a
relatively universal phenomenon with the
globalized marketing and production of cigarettes
and related tobacco products internationally.
While smoking spreads across geographic and
socioeconomic boundaries, tobacco cultivation is
primarily a rural occupation.
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the underdeveloping 3rd World has increasingly
endured tobacco cultivation, where it is
developed in the countryside on fertile land that
could be and most likely was being used for
sustainable subsistence crop cultivation before
the pressures of the international political
economy and landowners opted to develop tobacco
plantations. Because poor people of the 3rd
World depend on their land for survival, their
livelihood is directly related to the land use,
which, under the circumstances surrounding
poverty, international debt and labor patterns in
rural areas, dictates their individual, family
and community way of life.
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• Tobacco is harvested carefully and with great
  investment, as it has been turned out in the
  global market. The seeds are spread in seedbeds
  that require careful attention and ploughing, to
  be sterilized with ashes or gas in order to
  eliminate any undesirable plants (i.e. weeds) or
  insects.

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• Tobacco seeds, at the rate of 10,000 seedlings
  per gram, are spread over the treated seedbeds
  and then covered with protective cloth or hay.
  In 3-4 months, the seeds raise up to anywhere
  between 25-40cm tall, when they are individually
  transplanted into larger fields. The plants are
  then raised by removing certain leaves and
  growths according to the desired quality and
  development of each plant, ultimately in what
  would be considered priming certain
  high-quality leaves (although relative tobacco
  waste products from the manufacturing process are
  often recycled into cigarette products).

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The sap of tobacco leaves draws a range of
insects that are eliminated to preserve the
plants, which demand attention in plantations
averaging between 200,000 to 400,000 leaves per
hectare. Because of the sensitive nature of
young, growing tobacco, a variety of pesticides
and herbicides are used to defend the plant from
disease and insects.
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The leaves are picked in 3s and 4s, starting
from the bottom up to the last leaves at the
uppermost height, which contain the highest level
of nicotine. Once the leaves are stacked, they
are applied to the process of curing, where
they are essentially dehydrated by closed heating
of the leaves suspended above the ground in barns
with roofs elevated about 8m high and 5-6m long.
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The leaves are hung over tiered wires, arranged
in groups of three and dried out for a week. The
temperature must be carefully maintained in order
to lace em just right. The heat is traditionally
applied through controlled open fires, although
more modern and widespread heating through flues
or pipes and controlled covered fires (burning
wood, coal or oil) have become the trend where
applicable.
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• Open fires are commonly used in much of the 3rd
  World and increasingly account for a considerable
  amount of deforestation. The intensive
  monitoring of the curing barns 24-7 is required
  to make sure the product is not bammer. To avoid
  a faulty harvest, the leaves must be picked
  before being over-cured and less flavored and not
  too soon as under-cured because of the danger of
  mold. The barn is ultimately reopened to allow
  some moisture back in so that they can be handled
  and shipped of to the buyers.

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Open fires are commonly used in much of the 3rd
World and increasingly account for a considerable
amount of deforestation. The intensive
monitoring of the curing barns 24-7 is required
to make sure the product is not bammer. To avoid
a faulty harvest, the leaves must be picked
before being over-cured and less flavored and not
too soon as under-cured because of the danger of
mold. The barn is ultimately reopened to allow
some moisture back in so that they can be handled
and shipped of to the buyers.
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• Open fires are commonly used in much of the 3rd
  World and increasingly account for a considerable
  amount of deforestation. The intensive
  monitoring of the curing barns 24-7 is required
  to make sure the product is not bammer.
• To avoid a faulty harvest, the leaves must be
  picked before being over-cured and less flavored
  and not too soon as under-cured because of the
  danger of mold. The barn is ultimately reopened
  to allow some moisture back in so that they can
  be handled and shipped of to the buyers.

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• Exposure to these chemicals is doubled in
  chemical runoff into water sources, further
  contaminating food sources and the health of
  animals such as mosquitoes and flies, who in
  surviving the conditioning produce higher
  resistant strains of disease such as malaria.

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Because the people are directly related and
dependant upon the land, the effects of
intensified tobacco development over plantations
have an accordingly painful effect upon those
trying to hold it down in the local area for the
long-term, while trans/multi-national
corporations occupy and exploit more fields into
plantations.
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Soil depletion and erosion are devastating
effects upon the local environment, where
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
are displaced from the land at an extremely high
rate to grow a high-quality, high-quantity
nicotine, highly addictive plant designated for
burning in mass amounts.
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combined with the long-term effects of
deforestation and replacement of subsistence
cropping, tobacco growth can lead to difficulty
in diversifying crop productivity and ultimately,
monoculture development and dependency as an
export economy on leaves you cant eat.
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The widely known health effects of cigarettes
range from respiratory, cardiac and birth
afflictions to psychological developments that
affect the behavior of smokers when dealing with
stress or intense situations.
According to the World Health Organization, 4
million people die yearly from tobacco-related
affliction, attributable to roughly 25 diseases
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At the beginning of the 1990s, 47 of men and 12
of women were smokers. In developing countries,
it was estimated that 48 of men and 7 of women
were smokers, while in developed countries, 42
of men and 24 of women were smokers. Tobacco
use among adolescents remains stubbornly
persistent. Smoking prevalence among adolescents
rose in the 1990s in several developed countries
. While new markets are being opened by tobacco
industry actions, old markets have not been
closed tobacco is a global threat.
-WHO, April 1999
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And, its a safe bet that hella the local people
are gonna start smoking.
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Pass that
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• Distribution of tobacco products today keeps
  pace on a worldwide scale of production, where
  over 100 countries produce, manufacture and/or
  distribute cigarettes, with 80 of those countries
  belonging to the underdeveloping world.

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Distribution of tobacco products has moved in
step with aggressive and effective mass media
marketing tactics to attract the attention of the
public internationally. Images promoted in
public play on concepts of race, class and gender
to move the crowd.
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Tobacco products are distributed to and through
corner stores and street vendors, like any liquor
store anywhere else in the world. The
combination of Coke/soda, cigarettes and alcohol
provides stimulants for all generations and
cultures, and the addictive nature of these and
related marketed products lend to develop a
culture of dependency and identity by social
status linked to products and promotion in pop
culture.
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Cigarette manufacture is known to produce toxics
and related waste by slurries, oils, greases,
solvents and other runoffs in addition to the
packaging waste of paper, plastic and wood left
behind in th process of distribution.

• The primary wastes of cigarette use are the ash,
  the cigarette butt, or filter, and of course
  second-hand smoke.

worldwide beach cleanups such as the
International Coastal Cleanup Project have found
that as much as 20 of litter retrieved have been
attributable to cigarette filters, the leading
product waste found not only coastside, but also
a leading waste product found streetside in urban
areas as well.
The most significant waste product, however, is
our own health and a society that often leads by
escape.
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youth movement to raise awareness about the harms
of tobacco has made strides in public education
through nonprofit financing of organizing to
expose the documented premeditated operation of
tobacco companies to target and adversely affect
particular communities, specifically youth and
socioeconomically vulnerable populations that are
often racialized and sexualized to profile women
and people of color.
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Youth and communities internationally across the
3rd World are also organizing to change the trend
in dependency through smoking, as well as rapidly
increasing rates of HIV and related health
problems attributable to the socioeconomic
situation that local communities face outside of
the 1st World.
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why do we run?
Tobacco is one more resource that has been abused
in a long line of drugs that have been pushed in
the wrong direction.
While the US War on Drugs has enlisted the
efforts of the Drug Enforcement Agency and the
Dept. of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to help
address this, millions of people continue to fall
into addiction through cigarettes and easily
accessible tobacco products on a daily basis,
while others--especially a disproportionate and
rising number of youth, and racially and sexually
profiled youthare criminalized for activities
that struggle to find alternatives to what
modernized, western society lends. It seems that
we are always running from something, looking for
a way out. But we cant expect our young to stop
running
how do you control drugs?
from the cradle to the grave
always running always
where do we run?
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Resources http//www.tobaccopedia.org http//www.t
hetruth.com http//www.bigtobaccosucks.org http//
www.stopglobaltobacco.org http//www.lungusa.org h
ttp//www.crihb.org http//www.tobacco.org http//
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cigarette/ http//www.who.in
t/en/ http//www.ash.org http//tobaccofreekids.or
g/campaign/global http//www.sfgate.com