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AUTISM

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Title: AUTISM


1
AUTISM
  • Chapter 12
  • This PowerPoint includes additional information
    not found in your text

2
Overview
  • What is Autism?
  • Is there more than one type of Autism?
  • What causes Autism?
  • How is Autism diagnosed?
  • What are the characteristics of Autism?
  • What are the most effective approaches to
    treating Autism? Is there a cure?

3
WHAT IS AUTISM?
  • Very complex, often baffling developmental
    disability
  • First described by Leo Kanner in 1943 as early
    infantile autism
  • Auto children are locked within themselves.
  • For next 30 years, considered to be an emotional
    disturbance

4
WHAT IS AUTISM?
  • 3 categories for autism in IDEA?
  • Today, autism is a severe form of a broader group
    of disorders
  • These are referred to as pervasive developmental
    disorders (later)
  • Typically appears during the first 3 years of life

5
WHAT IS AUTISM?
  • Very likely neurological in origin not
    emotional, not the refrigerator mom
  • Prevalence is 2-6/1000 individuals (1/2 to 1 ½
    million affected)
  • 4 times more prevalent in boys
  • No known racial, ethnic, or social boundaries
  • No relation to family income, lifestyle

6
WHAT IS AUTISM?
  • Autism impacts normal development of the brain in
    areas of social interaction and communication
    skills.
  • Difficult to communicate with others and relate
    to the outside world.
  • Occasionally, aggressive and/or self-injurious
    behavior may be present.

7
WHAT IS AUTISM?
  • May exhibit repeated body movements (hand
    flapping, rocking).
  • Unusual responses to people
  • Attachment to objects
  • Resistance to change in routine
  • Sensory sensitivities

8
WHAT ARE THE TYPES?
  • Actually, the umbrella heading is Pervasive
    Developmental Disorder (PDD).
  • Autism is one of the 5 PDDs.
  • All have commonalities in communication and
    social deficits
  • Differ in terms of severity

9
1. Autistic Disorder
  • Impairments in social interaction, communication,
    and imaginative play.
  • Apparent before age 3.
  • Also includes stereotyped behaviors, interests,
    and activities

10
2. Aspergers Disorder
  • Impairments in social interactions, and presence
    of restricted interests and activities
  • No clinically significant general delay in
    language
  • Average to above average intelligence

11
3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not
Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
  • Often referred to as atypical autism
  • Used when a child does not meet the criteria for
    a specific diagnosis, but there is severe and
    pervasive impairment in specified behaviors

12
4. Retts Disorder
  • Progressive disorder which, to date, has only
    occurred in girls.
  • Period of normal development and then the loss of
    previously acquired skills
  • Also loss of purposeful use of hands, which is
    replaced by repetitive hand movements
  • Beginning at age of 1-4 years

13
5. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
  • Normal development for at least the first 2 years
  • Then significant loss of previously acquired
    skills

14
Conclusions on Types
  • Autism is a spectrum disorder
  • This means that symptoms and characteristics can
    present themselves in wide variety of
    combinations, from mild to severe
  • Autistic individuals can be very different from
    each other
  • Autism is still commonly used to refer to any
    of the 5 PDDs

15
What causes (and doesnt cause) autism?
  • Good agreement in general that autism is caused
    by abnormalities in brain development,
    neurochemistry, and genetic factors
  • Bettleheims theory of psychogenesis?

16
How is Autism Diagnosed?
  • No definitive medical test
  • Team uses interviews, observation, and specific
    checklists developed for this purpose.
  • Team might include neurologist, psychologist,
    developmental pediatrician, speech/language
    therapist, learning consultant, etc.
  • Must rule out MR, hearing impairment, behavior
    disorders, or eccentric habits

17
CHARACTERISTICS
  • 1. Communication/Language
  • 2. Social Interaction
  • 3. Behaviors
  • 4. Sensory and movement disorders
  • 5. Resistance to change (predictability)
  • 6. Intellectual functioning

18
1. Communication/language
  • Broad range of abilities, from no verbal
    communication to quite complex skills
  • Two common impairments
  • A. Delayed language
  • B. Echolalia

19
A. Delayed language
  • 50 of autistic individuals will eventually have
    useful speech (?)
  • Pronoun reversal You want white icing on
    chocolate cake.
  • Difficulty in conversing easily with others
  • Difficulty in shifting topics
  • Look away poor eye contact
  • Facilitated communication??????

20
Elements of Facilitated Communication
  • 1. Physical Support
  • 2. Initial training/introduction
  • 3. Maintaining focus
  • 4. Avoiding competence testing
  • 5. Generalization
  • 6. Fading

21
B. Echolalia
  • Common in very young children (Age 3)
  • Immediate or delayed (even years)
  • Is there communicative intent with echolalia?

22
2. Social Interaction
  • One of hallmarks of autism is lack of social
    interaction
  • 1. Impaired use of nonverbal behavior
  • 2. Lack of peer relationships
  • 3. Failure to spontaneously share enjoyment,
    interests, etc. with others
  • 4. Lack of reciprocity
  • Theory of mind?

23
3. Behaviors
  • Repetitive behaviors, including obsessions, tics,
    and perseveration
  • Impeding behaviors (impede their learning or the
    learning of others)
  • Will need positive behavior supports
  • A. Self-injurious behavior
  • B. Aggression

24
4. Sensory and movement disorders
  • Very common
  • Over- or under-sensitive to sensory stimuli
  • Abnormal posture and movements of the face, head,
    trunk, and limbs
  • Abnormal eye movements
  • Repeated gestures and mannerisms
  • Movement disorders can be detected very early
    perhaps at birth

25
5. Predictability
  • Change in routine is very stressful
  • May insist on particular furniture arrangement,
    food at meals, TV shows
  • Symmetry is often important
  • Interventions need to focus on preparing students
    for change if possible

26
6. Intellectual functioning
  • Autism occurs in children of all levels of
    intelligence, from those who are gifted to those
    who have mental retardation
  • In general, majority of individuals with autism
    are also identified as having mental retardation
    75 below 70
  • Verbal and reasoning skills are difficult
  • Savant syndrome

27
Interventions
  • 1. Individualization and early intervention are
    the keys
  • 2. Include life skills, functional academics,
    and vocational preparation
  • 3. Positive behavior support
  • 4. Social stories (music therapy?)
  • 5. Lovaas model
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