[fon?tiks and fon?logi]

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Phonetics and Phonology

• fon?tiks and fon?logi
• Weeks 2-4
• wiks tu to for

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Phonology vs. Phonetics?

• It is not unreasonable ... to say that
  phonology deals with the systems and structures
  of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly
  on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary
  should not be sharply drawn ... (Clark,
  Yallop, and Fletcher 19974)
• http//books.google.com/books?iddX5P5mxtYYICpr
  intsecfrontcoverdqphonologyphoneticseiwx2eS8
  W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDAclientfirefox-acd3vonepageq
  ftrue

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• A Descriptive (not prescriptive) science
• Speakers are concerned with speaking/(and
  meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it
  is said.
• Concerned with the details, the structure, the
  rules.

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fon?t?k s?mb?ls

• p?teto
• ?kstr?

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Phonetics
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Places of articulation
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Places of articulation (2.2.4)

• Bilabial- bringing lips together
  p b m
• Labiodental-lower lip and teeth
  f v
• Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth
  ?  ð
• Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge t
  s n
• Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate
  d? j ?
• Velar soft part of roof of mouth behind hard
  palate/velar k g ?
• Glottal- produced at the larnyx h

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Manner of Articulation (2.2.5)

• Voiced Voiceless consonants
• Rounded lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ i vs u
• Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) f v s
• Affricates (2.2.5) t ? , d ?
• Stops b t k
• Liquids l r
• Nasals n m ?

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Describing phonemes

• Voiced bilabial stop
• b
• Voiceless labidental fricative
• f
• Voiced labiodental fricative v
• Mid front lax vowel
• Low back rounded vowel

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Transcription

• k?ns?l ?z n?rm?li leit f?r kl?s
• /Kencil is normally late for class/
• Transcribe your name
• t?ranskraib j?r neim
• Our proposal is due today
• ?w?r pr?pozal Iz t?de
• And the methodology is due next week.
• and ðI m???d?l?d?i Iz d?u n?kst wik

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Diacritics

• Length skwiz i i
• /right/ -rait or rait
• Aspiration h
• Nasalised
• Stress
• /father/

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• G - d?i
• X-
• /prime minister/ -praimI n Ist?
• /carry/
• /ask/ -aks axe

?ks
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Phonology

• fon?l?gi

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fon?l?gi

• Is the study of the distribution of sounds in a
  language and the interactions between those
  different sounds.
• What are the predictable and unpredictable?
• What are the characteristics of the environment
  that affect the change in sounds?

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Allophones

• Variants of a phoneme.
• Non-contrastive (no change in meaning English)
• Contrastive (changes the meaning Hindi)
• Same or different environment
• Changes meaning (or not)
• fruit p??l
• moment p?l

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Minimal Pairs

• Words that differ because of one sound which
  causes different meaning.
• pin tin pIn tIn

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Phonological Rules

• X Y/C____D
• n m/_____ labial consonant

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Assimilation

• Sound becomes more like the neighbouring ones.
• Resembles the environment.
• Alevolar Stop Assimilation (consonants)
• Sit down
• Vowel harmony (Vowels)
• Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/
• Any difference in plural marker? Why?

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Dissimilation
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Insertion (p., 113)

• Sit down sit dunk
• s?d??k
• Melon m?lion
• H-Insertion
• ?egg
• ? ??g
• ?aus

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Deletion (p., 114)

• H-Deletion
• home- om
• Nintendo ?nt?ndo

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Metathesis

• A Change in the order of sounds
• aks
• krai ?

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Next week

• Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/
• Any difference in plural marker? Why?
• H/W
• Allomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff meaning)
• Morphophonemic rules
• Feature Matrix
• Read chapter and work on exercises.

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What is an allophone?

• Definition   An allophone is a phonetic variant
  of a phoneme in a particular language.
• Examples (English)   p and pH are allophones
  of the phoneme /p/.
• t and tH are allophones of the phoneme /t/.
• Examples (Spanish)   b and B are allophones
  of the phoneme /b/.
• d and D are allophones of the phoneme /d/.
• http//www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisti
  cTerms/WhatIsAnAllophone.htm

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Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and
phoneme-phone-allophone

• Morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allopho
  ne   The relationship between a morpheme and its
  morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the
  relationship between a phoneme and its phones and
  allophones.
•   A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs
  (surface forms) in different environments. These
  morphs are called allomorphs.
•   A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones
  (phonetic sounds) in different environments.
  These phones are called allophones.
• http//www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisti
  cTerms/ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm

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Formal Notation of Phonological Rules

• Basic Format
• A ? B / C __ D
• This means A becomes B in the environment
  between C and D
• Eg) /CAD/ ? /CBD/
• C D are conditioning sounds
• Example (vowel nasalization)
• Vowels become nasalized before a nasal sound
• syllabic ? nasal / _____ nasal

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Contd

• Distinctive features are normally used
• But other conventional diacritics are allowed
• Boundaries
• (word), (morpheme), (syllable)
• ___ (word final), ___ (word initial),
• ___ (syllable initial)
• Segments
• C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide), N(nasal),
  L(lateral)

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