1750-1914: The Age of European Hegemony Chapter 23 and 24: Industrialization and Imperialism

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1750-1914 The Age of EuropeanHegemonyChapter
23 and 24 Industrialization and Imperialism
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1750-1914 Introduction

• Growing European imperialism dominated the world
• The West came to mean North America as well as
  Western Europe

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Why 1750?

• Beginning of Industrialization in Western Europe
• Build up to the Seven Years War 1756-1763 (The
  first world war)

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The Expanding World Economy

• Western economic domination began about 1750 and
  has continued to the present day.
• There are three reasons for this economic
  success (The Three Shuns)

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1. Industrialization

• European expansion was aided by the Industrial
  Revolution which began about 1750
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and
  spread through Western Europe and North America
• Access to large deposits of coal enabled the
  Europeans to industrialize quickly

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Metals, Woolens, Canals
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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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James Watts Steam Engine
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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The Impact of the Railroad
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Effects of Industrialization

• Massive population growth
• Urbanization accelerated in the West
• Growth of the bourgeoisie who demanded more
  political power
• Growth of nationalism in Europe and elsewhere
• Lower class women and children found factory work
  alongside men
• Middle and upper class women withdrew into the
  home (a womans place is in the home)

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Effects of Industrialization

• Literacy rates improved
• Mass marketing techniques (advertising)
• New ideologies (Marxism) and new forms of
  religions (fundamentalist Christianity) to deal
  with social pressures
• De-Industrialization occurred in Asia, Africa,
  and the Americas
• Decline and ending of slave and serf labor
  (Agricultural areas fell farther and farther
  behind industrial regions)

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2. Organization

• Western political, social, and economic
  organization enabled domination of other areas
• Western nation states had well organized
  governments and strong armies and navies
• Most importantly the West developed
  sophisticated financial institutions capable of
  raising funds for exploration and colonization

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The Stock Exchange

• Made it possible to raise large sums of capital
  for business and expansion
• Investment opportunities for many people, not
  just kings and nobility
• The first stock exchanges developed in Holland
  (Amsterdam) and England (London)

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Joint Stock Companies

• Also known as corporations
• Formed with support from national governments
• Allowed investors to share in profits and earn
  dividends from industry and colonization
• Sometimes granted monopoly power over certain
  regions or products

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The British East India Company 1600-1858

• The most powerful and influential joint stock
  company
• Formed to organize trade with India
• Became the dominant British /colonial trading
  company
• Eventually took control of Mughal India
• Instigator of Boston Tea Party

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Sir John Popham 1531-1607
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Littlecote House
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3. Exploitation

• Economic and military power enabled the West to
  dominate and exploit other regions
• India, Africa, Latin America, much of Asia and
  Oceania came under Western exploitation during
  the 1750-1914 period

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Mercantilism

• Dominant form of capitalism in early 1750-1914
  period
• Mercantilism assumed that trade and war were
  always linked
• Colonies were essential to provide raw materials
  and markets for finished goods

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Major World Trading Regions in 1750

• North Atlantic fish and furs, lumber
• Fur trade required cooperation between Europeans
  and indigenous peoples
• South Atlantic slaves, sugar, silver
• Slave trade required cooperation between
  Europeans and indigenous peoples
• Indian Ocean silver, textiles, Chinese products.
• Most Indian Ocean trade required cooperation
  between Europeans and indigenous peoples

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Division of the World 1800

• The Core Western Europe, Northern US.
  Industrialized, free labor, strong nations, large
  bourgeoisies
• The Semi-Periphery Russia, Eastern and Southern
  Europe. Agriculture, serfdom, weak nations and
  small bourgeoisies
• The Periphery Southern US and Latin America,
  India. Agriculture, slavery, colonial or
  semi-colonial states, non-existent bourgeoisie
• During the nineteenth century much of Asia,
  Africa, and China would be forced into the
  Periphery

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The West 1750-1914 Industrialization and
Expansion

• Enlightenment values encouraged scientific
  inquiry, calls for political reform and
  individual liberties, and other social changes
• In 1776 Adam Smith published The Wealth of
  Nations, which advocated laissez-faire
  capitalism over mercantilism

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The American Revolution

• Many Americans were influenced by Enlightenment
  ideas
• John Lockes arguments for government by the
  consent of the governed also had influence
• British mercantile policies angered American
  colonists
• British attempts to directly control the colonies
  also stirred up anger

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The American Philosophes
John Adams(1745-1826)
ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)
Ben Franklin(1706-1790)
...life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness...
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The French Monarchy1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette Louis XVI
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Socio-Economic Data, 1789
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Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789
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March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the bakers wife and the
bakers boy!
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
August 26, 1789
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Louis XVI Accepts the Constitution the
National Assembly. 1791
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Attitudes actions of monarchy court
Fear ofCounter-Revolution
Religiousdivisions
The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795
Politicaldivisions
EconomicCrises
War
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The Storming of the TuilieresAugust 9-10, 1792
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Committee for Public Safety

• Revolutionary Tribunals.
• 300,000 arrested.
• 16,000 50,000 executed.

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The Levee en MasseAn Entire Nation at Arms!
500,000 Soldiers
An army based on merit, not birth!
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Louis XVIs Head (January 21, 1793)
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Bonaparte, 1798 Jacques Louis David FIRST
CONSUL
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Napoleon on His Imperial Throne 1806 By Jean
AugusteDominique Ingres
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Napoleons Legacy

• Napoleons armies carried the ideals of the
  French Revolution across Europe
• Most importantly, Napoleon inspired nationalism,
  the love of ones country, throughout Europe
• During the nineteenth century, nations that were
  able to encourage nationalism grew stronger
• Multi-national states like Austria and Russia
  were weakened by nationalism
• Nationalism eventually spread to Latin America
  and other regions

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The Congress of Vienna

• Held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe to its
  pre-Revolutionary and Napoleonic condition
• Led by Count Klemens von Metternich and other
  reactionaries and conservatives
• Most European bourgeoisie favored representative
  governments and civil liberties. This was ignored
  by the Congress of Vienna.
• The Congress of Viennas policies dominated
  Europe for the next thirty years

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The Political Spectrum
TODAY
1790s
The Plain(uncommitted)
Montagnards(The Mountain)
Girondists
Monarchíen(Royalists)
Jacobins
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The Political Spectrum in Nineteenth Century
Europe

• Right Wing Conservatives preserve traditional
  order, support Monarchies and Established
  Churches ( nobility, peasants)
• Moderates Liberals civil liberties, religious
  toleration, parliaments controlled by bourgeoisie
  (middle classes)
• Left Wing Radicals eliminate or limit
  private property, classes. Democratic rule
  (factory workers)
• Nationalism a common element of all three groups
  (less so with left wing)

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Abolition of Serfdom and Slavery

• Industrialization meant forced labor was less
  necessary
• Religious groups and reformers urged an end to
  the slave trade
• Britains navy patrolled the Atlantic coast of
  Africa to stop slave shipments
• Russia ended serfdom 1861, US ended slavery 1865

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Utopian Socialists

• Called for better conditions for factory workers
  and poor
• Eliminate or limit private property
• Voting rights for all (sometimes even women!)

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Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism (Marxism,
Communism)

• Born 1818, Germany (middle class background)
• Student of history and philosophy.
• Believed utopian socialists were idealists and
  fools who did not go far enough
• Author of (among others) The Communist Manifesto,
  1848, Das Kapital (posthumously 1883)
• Died 1883, London

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Marxism

• History is always determined by economic forces
• Throughout history there have been two groups
  haves (thesis) and have nots(antithesis)
• These groups are locked in conflict (the (class
  struggle)
• Always, the have nots destroy the haves and
  become the new haves, (synthesis) and the
  struggle continues (the dialectic)

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Marxism

• In the industrial age, the class struggle reaches
  its last phase
• Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
• The Proletariat will destroy the Bourgeoisie
• The class struggle will end in a classless
  society of complete freedom and common ownership
  of all property
• Class, government, and religion will end

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Mid Nineteenth Century Europe

• Rapid changes due to industrialization,
  urbanization
• Better communication and transportation
• Growing nationalism
• Dissatisfaction with the Congress of Viennas
  settlements grew
• Revolutions in 1848 The Year of Revolutions led
  to overthrow of absolute monarchies and
  establishment of more parliamentary monarchies

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Late Nineteenth Century Europe

• Unification movements in Italy, Germany led to
  new nation states
• Nationalism caused new pressure on Austria,
  Russia, Ottoman Empire
• Industrialization led to better health care,
  lower birth rates, higher standards of living
  (for middle classes and to a lesser degree
  workers, too)
• Workers in many areas attracted to socialism,
  Marxism
• Women demanded more rights and right to vote

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Transportation and Communication

• Steamships and railroads developed in early 1800s
• 1844 First telegraph message
• Telegraphs developed alongside railroad lines
• 1851 submarine cables linked Britain to Europe
• 1866 transatlantic cables linked North America
  and Europe

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Artistic Developments

• Romanticism early to mid nineteenth century.
  reaction against the Enlightenment (emotion,
  revolution, focus on nature, etc.)
• Impressionism late nineteenth century. Attempt
  to accurately record impressions of light, color,
  and reality.

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Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix
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Waterlilies Claude Monet
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Late Nineteenth Century Europe

• Scientific Advances
• 1.Charles Darwin
• 2.Albert Einstein
• 3.Sigmund Freud
• Consumer Society, advertising, literacy
• Political reform extension of franchise
• Colonial and economic rivalries, militarism,
  lead towards conflict

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The Spread of the West

• Growth of the United States
• American exceptionalism
• Western settler societies
• Canada
• Australia
• New Zealand

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Imperialism
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Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century

• Before industrialization, Europeans sought to
  conquer new territories to gain new manufactured
  goods, precious resources, and to spread
  Christianity.
• After industrialization, Europeans sought to
  conquer new territories to gain raw materials for
  their industries and to gain new markets.
  Religious conversion was not a major concern.

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Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century

• Competition among nation states within the West
  (nationalism, militarism)
• Technological and industrial advances in the West
  led to development of better weapons
• Public opinion within the West (popular press,
  jingoism)
• Pressure to relieve unemployment and overcrowding
  in the West
• Major imperialist powers Britain, France,
  Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, United
  States

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Jingoism in the newspapers
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Social Darwinism

• Application of Darwins ideas to human society
• Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton
• Eugenics
• Survival of the fittest
• Masculine vs Feminine
• White Mans Burden

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How India Came Under British Rule

• British East India Company formed to trade with
  India
• 1627 Mughal Shah Jahangir granted the Company
  permission to build a factory
• By late 1600s the Company had factories in
  Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay and many interests
  elsewhere in India
• Silver and gold from foreign trade flooded India
  and weakened the economy

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Coins of the British East India Co.
1719 coin 1804 coin
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How India Came Under British Rule

• The Company took over the Mughal tax system and
  established its own sepoy army
• In the 1750s Britain and France were engaged in
  the Seven Years War
• The Nawab of Bengal revolted against increasing
  Company influence and captured a Company fort in
  Calcutta

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How India Came Under British Rule

• The Black Hole of Calcutta 146 British prisoners
  were placed in a room measuring 18 X 15 feet.
  Only 23 survived the night. (possibly
  exaggerated)
• Colonel Robert Clive commanding a sepoy army
  defeated the Nawab at Plassey June 23, 1757
• The Battle of Plassey is considered the starting
  point for British domination of India the Raj

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The Raj

• India under Company control became a dependent
  economy
• British policy intentionally bankrupted Indian
  industries and forced India into producing
  agricultural goods, especially cotton, for the
  British market
• British taxation forced many peasant farmers to
  sell their land to large owners and become
  tenants

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Sepoys, 1850s
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1857 The Sepoy Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)

• Dissatisfaction with Company rule and increasing
  poverty caused many rebellions
• In early 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion began
• 70 of the Sepoy soldiers joined the rebellion,
  and the British were forced to send for
  reinforcements
• By the end of 1857 the rebellion had been put
  down, but with heavy British losses

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The Sepoy Mutiny 1857
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The Siege of Lucknow
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Well of the Kanpur Massacre
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Execution of SepoysThe Devils Wind
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India After The Rebellion

• British East India Company decommissioned
• India now under direct British rule
• Queen Victoria declared Empress of India,
  Viceroys appointed to govern India
• The Jewel in the Crown and The Pivot of
  Empire
• Sepoys used to control other colonies
• India a supply center for the rest of the Empire
• British in India lived luxurious lives

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Queen Victoria, Empress of India
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Queen Victoria with an Indian servant
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Assorted British Soldiers, 1890s
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The Marchioness of Curzon, Vicereine of India,
1904
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Living Like a Maharajah
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Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s
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Simla Little England in the mountains of
India
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Victoria Station, Bombay
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Chartered Bank of Calcutta,
1915
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1911 Durbar High Point of the Raj
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Weaponry and Imperialism

• Until the mid nineteenth century, Europe had no
  overwhelming advantages over other areas in
  weaponry
• During the 1850s and 1860s, rifles using
  percussion caps and cartridges introduced
• Smokeless powder, automatic repeating rifles
  (Maxims) introduced in 1880s
• Exploding bullets (dum dums) introduced by end of
  the century

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Battle of Omdurman, September 2, 1898

• British side 8,200 British troops, 17,600
  Egyptian and Sudanese troops
• Mahdi side 52,000 African troops
• British casualties 48 dead, 434 wounded
• Mahdist casualties 9,700 killed, 13,000
  wounded, 5000 captured

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The Tasmanians Another branch of the human race
driven into extinction

• 1803 2,000-20,000 Tasmanians when 49 British
  settlers arrived
• 1820 12,000 British settlers, 1,000 Tasmanians
• Last Tasmanians William King Billy Lanney
  (died 1869 aged 34)and his wife Trucanini (died
  1876, skeleton displayed in Hobart Museum)

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Mathinna A Lost Tasmanian Girl
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The Scramble for Africa

• European rivalries and the demand for raw
  materials and new markets sparked a race to
  colonize and dominate Africa between 1870-1900
• Advances in medical care (especially the
  development of quinine) meant Africa was now
  easier for Europeans to penetrate.
• By 1914 all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia
  was under European domination

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The Belgian Congo

• Rich region in Congo River basin with 20 million
  inhabitants
• Made famous in mid nineteenth century by Dr.
  David Livingstone and Henry Stanley
• King Leopold II of Belgium encouraged exploration
  of the Congo region on humanitarian grounds
• Actually, Leopold was interested in exploitation
  of the Congos rich resources, especially rubber

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Atrocities in the Belgian Congo
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Newspaper Reactions to the Belgian Atrocities
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Ota Benga A Pygmy in the Bronx Zoo

• Pygmy from the Congo who survived the Belgian
  slaughter of his village
• Part of a display in the St. Louis Worlds Fair
  of 1904.
• On display in the monkey house of the Bronx Zoo
  for several months in 1906

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South Africa Europeans fighting Europeans in
Africa

• South Africa was part of the British Empire after
  1815
• The Boers were European settlers who disliked
  British rule
• Indigenous Africans were enslaved and
  dispossessed by the Boers and British
• In the Great Trek of the 1830s, the Boers left
  the Cape region and established two independent
  republics, the Orange Free State and the
  Transvaal, fighting and dispossessing the
  indigenous peoples there

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South Africa Europeans fighting Europeans in
Africa

• In the late 1800s, gold and diamonds were
  discovered in the Boer republics, and the British
  began to reassert control over them.
• This led to the Boer War of 1899-1902 and the
  semi-independence of South Africa

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Opposition to Imperialism Among Europeans

• Evangelical Christianity opposed slavery and
  imperialism
• The philosophical movement of Utilitarianism
  opposed imperialism as wasteful
• Some political leaders opposed imperialism on
  moral and economic grounds
• Authors like Rudyard Kipling and Mark Twain
  criticized European exploitation of other peoples
• This opposition led to some reforms, like France
  granting citizenship to educated indigenous
  peoples in its colonies

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Indigenous Opposition to Imperialism

• New Zealand Maoris were able to adapt to British
  colonizers and eventually helped create a
  multi-racial society
• Siam King Mongkut IV encouraged Westernization
  and avoided European domination of his country
• In most areas, however, European contact led to
  heavy population losses and economic and cultural
  domination

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Types of European Colonies

• Tropical Dependencies Large indigenous
  populations, small European population (India,
  most of Africa, Southeast Asia)
• White Dominions Large European populations,
  small indigenous groups (Canada, New Zealand,
  Australia)
• Contested Settler Colonies Large indigenous
  populations, substantial European populations,
  tension and often conflict between groups (South
  Africa)