Mammals are characterized by each of the following EXCEPT

1
Mammals are characterized by each of the
following EXCEPT

• mammary glands.
• hair.
• endothermy.
• three-chambered hearts.

2
A feature that is present in most female mammals,
but not male mammals, is

• generating body heat internally.
• subcutaneous fat.
• the ability to nourish young with milk.
• breathing air.

3
To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird or a
mammal, it would be useful to know if it

• has a four-chambered heart.
• breathes air.
• has hair.
• is an endotherm.

4
Which organ is used by a cow to feed her newborn
calf?

• mammary gland
• placenta
• marsupium
• rumen

5
The first true mammals appeared during the

• Permian Period.
• late Triassic Period.
• Cretaceous Period.
• Cenozoic Era.

6
The three main groups of mammals are the

• monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
• platypuses, echidnas, and marsupials.
• rodents, carnivores, and primates.
• kangaroos, koalas, and wombats.

7
The earliest mammals

• appeared about 65 million years ago and had
  simple teeth.
• were large and resembled modern elephants.
• were small and probably were most active during
  the daytime.
• probably were nocturnal and ate insects.

8
To release heat from their bodies when necessary,
some mammals use their

• external body hair.
• subcutaneous fat.
• sweat glands.
• high rate of metabolism.

9
Mammals that have baleen feed on

• insects.
• nectar.
• plankton.
• fruit.

10
Which body system includes the rumen?

• respiratory
• circulatory
• excretory
• digestive

11
Which sequence correctly describes the path of
newly swallowed plant food through the digestive
tract of a cow?

• Picture Choice 1
• Picture Choice 2
• Picture Choice 3
• Picture Choice 4

12
The volume of the chest cavity increases when

• the rib cage lowers.
• air leaves the lungs.
• the diaphragm contracts.
• the bottom of the chest cavity moves upward.

13
The mammalian circulatory system consists of

• one loop powered by a four-chambered heart.
• two separate loops powered by a four-chambered
  heart.
• two separate loops powered by a three-chambered
  heart.
• four separate loops powered by a two-chambered
  heart.

14
In mammals, the amount of water in the body is
controlled mainly by the

• kidneys.
• diaphragm.
• heart.
• lungs.

15
Which part of a mammals brain contains a
well-developed cerebral cortexthe center of
thinking?

• medulla oblongata
• spinal cord
• cerebrum
• cerebellum

16
A mammal that cannot properly adjust its
breathing rate under varying conditions probably
has a defect in its

• medulla oblongata.
• spinal cord.
• cerebrum.
• cerebellum.

17
One group of mammals is reproductively different
from the other two groups because its members

• are live-bearing.
• reproduce by external fertilization.
• lay eggs.
• do not nourish their young with milk.

18
The egg-laying mammals are called

• marsupials.
• monotremes.
• placental mammals.
• insectivores.

19
An example of an animal with a marsupium is a(an)

• elephant.
• sea lion.
• mouse.
• kangaroo.

20
The only continent on which you can expect to
find a wild mammal with a cloaca is

• North America.
• South America.
• Australia.
• Africa.

21
The function of a placenta is to

• exchange materials between an embryo and its
  mother.
• store and process newly swallowed plant food.
• store urine until it is eliminated from the body.
• increase the volume of the chest cavity during
  breathing.

22
In which of the following mammals does an embryo
spend the most time developing inside the mother?

• echidna
• elephant
• kangaroo
• koala

23
Mammals of species X reproduce without forming a
placenta. You could determine to which of the
three groups of mammals species X belongs if you
knew any of the following EXCEPT

• how its reproductive and urinary systems connect
  to the outside of the body.
• what happens to its eggs after they are
  fertilized.
• how it controls its body temperature.
• how its young obtain milk from the mother.

24
Which of the following mammals is a proboscidean?

• shrew
• rabbit
• bat
• elephant

25
A hoofed mammal is either a(an)

• perissodactyl or a proboscidean.
• perissodactyl or an artiodactyl.
• artiodactyl or a sirenian.
• sirenian or a xenarthran.

26
Which of the following animals is LEAST closely
related to the other three?

• mole
• vole
• mouse
• porcupine

27
The similar appearance of armadillos and
aardvarks is an example of

• continental drift.
• convergent evolution.
• social interaction.
• homeostasis.

28
Continental drift caused the separation of
different mammal groups from one another during
the

• early Triassic Period.
• Permian Period.
• early Cenozoic Era.
• Paleozoic Era.

29
Convergent evolution has occurred in mammals
because

• continents have drifted apart.
• similar ecological opportunities have existed in
  widely separated places.
• climate underwent changes in the past.
• different mammals eat the same foods.

30
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
primates?

• opposable digits
• a well-developed cerebrum
• binocular vision
• a cloaca

31
Having a thumb that can move against the other
fingers makes it possible for a primate to

• hold objects firmly.
• merge visual images.
• display elaborate social behaviors.
• judge the locations of tree branches.

32
A primate that is blind in one eye would have
difficulty

• distinguishing between objects on the basis of
  their color.
• seeing the full range of colors that a primate
  with two eyes can see.
• estimating the distance to an unfamiliar object.
• holding an object in the hand that is on the same
  side as that eye.

33
An example of a prosimian is a(an)

• spider monkey.
• baboon.
• orangutan.
• lemur.

34
A primate that uses its prehensile tail to swing
from branch to branch is the

• gibbon.
• squirrel monkey.
• macaque.
• orangutan.

35
The group that includes gibbons and humans but
does not include tarsiers is the

• primates.
• prosimians.
• hominoids.
• hominids.

36
On which continent would you find a monkey that
can hold onto a branch while it uses its hands
and feet to grasp something else?

• South America
• Africa
• Asia
• Australia

37
Hominids differ from other primates on the basis
of all of the following EXCEPT

• brain size.
• method of reproduction.
• method of locomotion.
• shape of the hip bones.

38
Bipedal locomotion consists of

• swinging from branch to branch.
• using the tail to grasp branches during walking.
• moving the big toe against the other digits.
• walking on two feet.

39
Fossil evidence indicates that Australopithecus
afarensis

• was primarily a meat-eater.
• had a large brain.
• was bipedal.
• appeared later than Homo ergaster.

40
Most paleontologists think that Paranthropus was
a(an)

• ancestor of Australopithecus.
• ancestor of modern gorillas.
• ancestor of modern humans.
• distant relative of modern humans.

41
The earliest hominid that belonged to the same
genus as modern humans was probably

• Homo habilis.
• Homo neanderthalensis.
• Homo afarensis.
• Homo ergaster.

42
Suppose scientists could compare the DNA of
modern humans with the DNA of Homo erectus
populations that lived in different sites around
the world. If the DNA of a modern human native to
each site were found to be most similar to the
DNA of Homo erectus from the same site, that
finding would

• support the multiregional model.
• support the out-of-Africa model.
• support both the multiregional model and the
  out-of-Africa model.
• disprove both the multiregional model and the
  out-of-Africa model.

43
Two hominids whose fossils you would NOT expect
to find in rocks of the same age are

• Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis.
• Kenyanthropus platyops and Australopithecus
  afarensis.
• Homo ergaster and Homo erectus.
• Homo neanderthalensis and Australopithecus
  afarensis.

44
Which statement is true of the Neanderthals?

• They evolved after the Cro-Magnons.
• They made stone tools.
• They became extinct about 1 million years ago.
• They replaced Homo sapiens in Europe and the
  Middle East.

45
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic
of the Cro-Magnons?

• making sophisticated stone blades
• producing cave paintings
• having a skeleton similar to that of a gorilla
• burying their dead with elaborate rituals

46
All mammals are ectotherms. ______________________
___

• True
• False

47
The first mammals were very large.
_________________________

• True
• False

48
The Permian Period is usually called the Age of
Mammals. _________________________

• True
• False

49
The first true mammals evolved before the period
during which dinosaurs were the dominant land
vertebrates. _________________________

• True
• False

50
A mammal with reduced canines and flattened
premolars is most likely a herbivore.
_________________________

• True
• False

51
Cows can digest cellulose because they have
symbiotic bacteria in their rumen.
_________________________

• True
• False

52
A mammal that can learn to find its way through a
maze more quickly than another mammal probably
has a better-developed cerebellum.
_________________________

• True
• False

53
Among mammals, only the monotremes lay eggs.
_________________________

• True
• False

54
Slow-moving, herbivorous mammals that live in
rivers and warm coastal waters are in the order
of sirenians. _________________________

• True
• False

55
Convergent evolution has produced mammals that
have different adaptations on different
continents. _________________________

• True
• False

56
Primates have opposable vision, which is the
ability to merge images from both eyes.
______________________________

• True
• False

57
New World monkeys live almost entirely in trees.
_________________________

• True
• False

58
Bush babies and lemurs are in the group of
primates known as anthropoids. ___________________
______

• True
• False

59
Primates that have a bowl-shaped pelvis usually
walk on two legs. _________________________

• True
• False

60
Members of the genus Australopithecus used tools.
_________________________

• True
• False

61
Participant Scores
62
Two features that are found in all mammals but
are not found in other chordates are hair and
_________________________.
63
Indricotherium was an extinct mammal that stood
more than 5 meters high at the shoulder. The
earliest era or period during which
Indricotherium could have lived was the
_________________________.
64
Mammals have ____________________ and body fat
that help conserve body heat.
65
In darkness, dolphins rely on their sense of
____________________ to locate objects around
them.
66
A flexible ____________________ allows mammals to
move both vertically and from side to side.
67
If a mammal has a rumen in its digestive tract,
the mammals molars and premolars are adapted for
grinding ____________________.
68
During embryonic development, a young mammals
blood comes closest to its mothers blood when
the blood of the developing embryo flows through
_________________________.
69
The only monotremes that exist today are the
_________________________ and the spiny anteaters.
70
Because an oryx has four toes on each foot, this
hoofed mammal is classified in the order called
____________________.
71
If geographically isolated species have similar
characteristics that were not present in their
ancestors, those mammals are said to have
undergone _________________________.
72
Primates can display more complex behaviors than
many other mammals because their brains have a
well-developed ____________________.
73
The anthropoids that are native to Central and
South America are called ____________________
monkeys.
74
Primates that walk on two feet use
____________________ locomotion.
75
The first hominid in the genus Homo was named
Homo habilis because evidence indicates that
members of the species used ____________________.
76
Members of the species Homo ____________________
flourished in Europe from 200,000 to 30,000 years
ago.
77
List two characteristics that are found only in
mammals and three other characteristics that are
found in mammals and in some other vertebrates.
78
How can mammals be distinguished from other
vertebrates on the basis of the fossils they
leave behind?
79
Describe the adaptation that humpback whales use
to feed.
80
Name the four specialized types of mammalian
teeth.
81
What is the function of the diaphragm?
82
Bony fishes that live in the ocean continually
lose water across their respiratory surfaces,
because the salt concentration in sea water is
higher than that in the fishes bodies. Why dont
marine mammals encounter the same problem?
83
What are two ways in which mammals maintain
homeostasis?
84
What are the most important characteristics that
scientists use to classify mammals into subgroups?
85
What is a marsupium?
86
How do the incisor teeth of rodents differ from
those of lagomorphs?
87
The kultarr is a desert-dwelling Australian
mammal that has long hindlegs and a long tail. It
hunts spiders and other arthropods. Female
kultarrs have a pouch in which the young complete
their early development. What characteristics
would you expect to see in a placental mammal
that exhibits convergent evolution with the
kultarr?
88
What adaptation of primates makes it possible for
a person to swim the backstroke?
89
Why is binocular vision important to a primate
that moves through the branches of trees?
90
What is a prosimian?
91
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has stated that
mankind stood up first and got smart later.
What evidence supports that statement?
92
What adaptations enable mammals to maintain a
constant body temperature?
93
Suppose you find a tooth at the bottom of an old
cabinet that had been used to store a variety of
mammalian skulls. How would you decide what type
of tooth it was and whether it came from a
carnivore or a herbivore?
94
Explain how mammals inhale and exhale.
95
Compare your sense of hearing with that sense in
other mammals.
96
Why are monotremes sometimes said to be
intermediate between reptiles and mammals in
their manner of reproduction?
97
Suppose a group of scientists discovers an
unidentified female mammal in New Guinea. How
might they determine whether the mammal is a
monotreme, a marsupial, or a placental mammal?
98
Compare and contrast artiodactyls and
perissodactyls. Give an example of a mammal in
each of these two groups.
99
Compare and contrast New World monkeys and Old
World monkeys.
100
Distinguish among the terms anthropoid, hominoid,
and hominid.
101
Identify two features of the primate skeleton
that are associated with bipedal locomotion, and
contrast these features with their counterparts
in a primate that is not bipedal.