RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA The Concept of Rural Devt. Has

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RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
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The Concept of Rural Devt.

• Has changed in the past three decades
• Until 70s RD was synonymous with agri. devt.
• 80s a strategy designed to improve the eco.
  and soc. life of a specific group of people the
  rural poor World Bank
• Concerns were deepening rural poverty
• Changing concept of devt.
• Emergence of diversified rural economy
• Non-income dimensions of poverty recognised
• Today Inclusive RD.
• Goes beyond growth , income and output
• Quality of life health, edn, nutrition, living
  conditions
• Reduction in gender equalities

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Challenges in Rural Development

• 71 of Indias popn. is rural
• 29 of rural popn. (gt200 million people) is below
  the national poverty line.
• Rural poverty declined at 0.73 per year over the
  period 1993-2005, down from 0.81 in 1983-94.
• 46 of rural children under five, 40 of adult
  women and 38 of adult men are underweight
  (compared to 33, 25 and 26 for urban).
• 59 are small and marginal farmers and landless
  labourers who depend on agriculture.

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• Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West
  Bengal and Bihar together account for 40 of
  Indias rural poor.
• 16 of Indias population is classified as
  scheduled caste, and 8 as scheduled tribe. These
  groups are dominantly poor and rural and face
  particular socio-cultural barriers to
  development.
• Source Compiled from various sources including
  National Census (2001), National Sample Survey,
  61st round (2004/05) National Family Health
  Survey 3 (2005/06) Mahendra Dev and Ravi
  Poverty and Inequality All India and States,
  1983-2005. Economic and PoliticalWeekly. (2007).
  pp 509-521.

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Community Development Programme

• Gandhian notion of CD
• Rural upliftment and reconstruction
• 19 Point programme Khadi Village, Industries,
  Sanitation, Health care, Economic equity,
  Communal Harmony, Education, Women Empowerment
• CD assumed high propriety after independence
• 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering
  300 villages / popn.of 30,000
• 1953 National Extension Service project similar
  objective, to cover larger areas
• Began as a comprehensive development effort to
  rebuild rural life and livelihood.

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• CD blocks treated as admin. units for planning
  and devt. with separate budget.
• By first 5yr plan (1952-57) 1114 blocks
  covering 163,000 villages were operation
• By the sixties CDP covered the entire country
• Economic progress was core objective
• CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr
  plan.
• Comprehensive in content
• Objective was to create conditions for high
  living standards and upliftment of rural poor
• Agriculture, Animal husbandry, Roads, Health,
  Education, Housing, Employment

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Implementation Facets of CDPs

• Headed by a block development officer
• BDO assisted by eight Extension Officers
• One each for agriculture, animal husb, Panchayat,
  co-operation rural industries, rural engineering,
  social education, women and child welfare
• VLV BDO Dist. Collector Devt Comssioner
  Planning Commssion
• Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn
• Initially no chance for community to demand any
  facility to solve their problem
• Later advisory committee

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• 1950s to mid 1970s little achievement
• Economy slower compare to East and South- East
  Asian counterparts
• Land Reform Act 1956 could not help poor and
  helpless esp. in North India
• Increase in poverty in late sixties and early
  seventies
• Govt compelled to import food grain

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Panchayti Raj Institutions

• 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to
  suggest measures to remove obstacles from CDP
• Three tier system of local Govt.
• Gram Panchayat (Village level),
• Panchayat Samiti (Block level),
• Zilla Parishad (District level)
• The three-tier system aimed to link Govt. and
  elected representative.
• To decenterlise decision making
• To shift decision making closer to people and
  encourage their participation
• To place Bureaucracy under peoples control

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• PRIs only partially able to meet these expections
  
• Elite capture of PRIs
• Welfare of weaker sections ignored
• Mid 60s
• Focus shifted to agriculture production
• Technological orientation to agriculture
• Central Govt. brings special Program's bypassing
  PRIs
• SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency),

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• IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)
• IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)
• TDA (Tribal Development Agency)
• MFAL (Marginal, Small Farmers and Agricultural
  Labourers Development Agency )
• Command Area Development,
• Drought Prone Area and Hill Area
• All these were financed and operated directly by
  the Central Govt.
• Agri initiative of late 60s increase food
  production
• Benefits reaped by rich, non-poor farmers in
  irrigated areas.
• Small and Marginal Farmers trailed
• Productivity increase from the Green Revolution
  in 1970s- 80s, however, did reduce rural poverty

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Integrated Rural Devt. Programme

• IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and weaker
  sections of society
• Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems
  which supressed self-reliance
• Shift from community devt. to schematised planning

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• Linkage between infrastructure and employment
  scheme drawn
• Programme design has credit based self-
  employment activity and not as subsidy
  distribution exercise
• Decentralization of programme implementation
  through DRDA and Block Authority
• Sub schemes
• Devt. Of women and children (DWCRA),
• Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment
  (TRYSEM),
• National Rural Employment Programme (NREP),
• Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

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• By Mid 80s there are improvements in meeting
  the minimum needs of poor .
• Progress in Elementary education, Health, Water
  supply, Roads
• Still around 1993-94, was 32 of population was
  poor
• In SC ST this was higher by 17-22
• Small land holding , Landlessness, Illiteracy
  were key factors

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Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt.

• Based on Sivaraman Committee report, Planning
  Comn. urged states in 1987 to consider Block as
  unit of Planning
• At Dist. level District Planning and Development
  council / District planning Board has elected
  and nominated reps headed by a minister or
  district collector or a non official
• It planned, coordinated, monitored, reviewed, and
  finalized plan at block level

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• However peoples participation were still limited
• Gap between Bureaucracy and people
• Panchayati Raj Reforms
• 73rd amendment in 1992
• Empowered PRIs to participate in devt. and
  decentralized planning
• Dependency of villagers on Govt. officials and
  machinery reduced

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• 29 items of Devt. Transferred to PRIs
• Agriculture
• Forestry and Envt.
• Industry infrastructure,
• Minimum needs
• Social welfare
• Poverty alleviation
• Maint. of community assets
• More than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats
• Broadest rep. base in any country in world
• Reservation for weaker section women
• Gram sabha Forum for discussion and annual
  planning
• Self help groups 9th five year plan(1997-2002)

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Between 1990 and present Phase

• Liberal economic policies and reforms introduced
  in the early 1990s
• Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing and
  service sectors
• Growth rate in agriculture has declined since
  1997 and remains low.
• The share of agriculture in GDP has declined from
  43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004.
• Public investment in irrigation has fallen

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Thrust areas

• Economy growing at around 8
• Paradigm policy shift in rural development -
  rural poor treated as resource, an integral part
  of the devt. strategy, and not as a burden
• Objectives are to
• Bridging the rural-urban divide.
• Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food
  security
• Making rural people the arbiters of their own
  destiny and to provide for their economic uplift
  by self employment
• Creating rural infrastructure for better economic
  opportunities and growth
• Ensuring dignified living shelter,water, clean
  envt.
• Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the
  land for better livelihood opportunities
• Approved outlay
• 1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)
• Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

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Bharat Nirman

• Under Bharat Nirman, developmental works are
  undertaken in the areas of irrigation, road,
  rural housing, rural water supply, rural
  electrification and rural telecommunication
  connectivity.
• Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within
  the mandate of the Min. of Rural Development
• rural connectivity
• rural housing
• rural water supply
• Specific targets so that there is accountability
  in the progress of this initiative.
• Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural India's
  growth potential and key for ushering a new era
• 'National Common Minimum Programme' (NCMP)

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Key Programmes

• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005
  (NREGA)
• Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a
  financial year to every household
• a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and
  an opportunity to combine growth with equity
• Structured towards harnessing the rural
  work-force, not as recipients of doles, but as
  productive partners in our economic process
• assets created result in sustained employment for
  the area for future growth employment and
  self-sufficiency
• Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200
  selected districts, extended to 130 more
  districts in 2007-08.
• The remaining districts (around 275) of the
  country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of
  April, 2008

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Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

• launched on 25th September 2001
• objectives of providing additional wage
  employment ensuring food security while creating
  durable community, social economic
  infrastructure and assets in the rural areas
• SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme
  (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

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Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

• Self employment programme for the rural poor.
• The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be
  individuals or groups (Self-Help Groups).
• Emphasis is on the group approach
• To bring the assisted poor families above the
  poverty line by providing them income generating
  assets through a mix of bank credits and
  government subsidy
• Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and
  taking care of training, credit, technology
  infrastructure and marketing
• Implemented by the District Rural Development
  Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of
  PRIs the Banks, the line Departments, and NGOs

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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

• Launched December, 2000
• 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide
  connectivity to unconnected habitations
• Road connectivity to all habitations with a
  population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or
  tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009
• Will lead to rural employment opportunities,
  better access to regulated and fair market,
  better access to health, education and other
  public services
• Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path
  of economic growth.

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Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)

• Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes to
  householdsbelow the poverty line
• Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY
  currently is Rs. 25,000/- per unit for the plain
  areas and Rs.27,500/- for the hilly
  terrains/difficult areas
• To impart transparency to the selection process
  of beneficiaries, a 'permanent waitlist' is being
  prepared under IAY.
• 60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period
  of 4 year from 2005-06
• Against this overall target, 15.52 lakh were
  built in 2005-06 and 14.98 lakh homes in 2006-07

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National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

• To provide public assistance to its citizens in
  case of unemployment, old age, sickness and
  disablement within the limit of the economic
  capacity of the State
• Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in
  1995-96.
• National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
• -Rs.200 per month from1st April 2006,
• National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
• National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).
• (IGNOAPS) launched on 19.11.2007
• citizens above the age of 65 years and living
  below the poverty line
• Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains
  to the elderly

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Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

• Central government supplements States efforts
  for providing safe drinking water and sanitation
  by providing financial and technical assistance
  under two centrally sponsored programmes
• 'Accelerated Rural Water Supply' (ARWSP)
• 'Central Rural Sanitation Programme' (CRSP).
• By 2009, 55,067 uncovered, 3.31 lakh slipped back
  and 2.17 lakh quality affected habitations are to
  be addressed
• approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water
  supply is a problem to be covered

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'Total Sanitation Campaign' (TSC)

• 'Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP)
  launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of
  life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and
  dignity to women in rural areas.
• In 1999, 'Total Sanitation Campaign' (TSC) under
  restructured CRSP was launched to promote
  sanitation in rural areas.
• Follows participatory demand-responsive approach,
  educating the rural households about the benefits
  of proper sanitation and hygiene

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Selected Institutions

• National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
  More than 50 years of existence is an apex body
  for undertaking.
• Training
• Research
• Action research
• Consultancy functions

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• Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and
  Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986
• For improving the quality of life in the rural
  areas, particularly the poor and socially
  disadvantaged . People below the poverty line,
  scheduled castes and tribes, bonded labour, women
  and people with disabilities are priority focus
  groups for CAPART.
• The major goals of CAPART are
• To support voluntary organisations in
  implementing projects for sustainable
  development in rural areas.
• To act as a national nodal point for development
  and promotion of appropriate rural technologies.
• To promote and support voluntary action and
  people's participation for rural development,
  through capacity-building for voluntary
  organisations and rural communities.

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• To act as a data bank and clearing house for
  information on the voluntary sector, rural
  technologies and rural development.
• Facilitating community action for development.
• Building awareness on critical development
  issues.
• Building and strengthening village-level people
  and organisations.
• Promoting the development and dissemination of
  appropriate rural technologies.
• Strengthening the capacities of voluntary
  organisations in rural areas.
• Creating employment opportunities and economic
  self-reliance.
• Creation of community assets and fulfilment of
  basic needs.
• Conservation and regeneration of the environment
  and natural resources.
• Enabling women, persons with disabilities and
  other disadvantaged groups to participate in
  development

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End note

• The long arms of the states shortening and the
  reach of the market forces is being extended but
  unevenlyThe question is no longer whether
  decentralised collective action can be effective,
  but under what circumstances it is appropriate,
  and how positive synergy between the state,
  market and civil organisations can most
  efficiently and fairly supply public goods
• 
  --------Norman Uphoff

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III Review of Rural Development Programmes in
India

• Broad features for Rural Development Programmes
  in Five Year Plans
• Began as a comprehensive development effort to
  rebuild rural life and livelihood.
• Community Development Programme was the main
  programme until the Third Five year plan.
• Became a bundle of special programmes with focus
  on poverty alleviation.
• RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and
  centrally sponsored programme.
• Hardly any state government has made special
  resource commitment for RD Programmes.
• A large body of literature shows limited impact
  on poverty removal / reduction through RDP.

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C. D. P. as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the
2ndFive Year Plan Rs. In Crore 1.Personnel
and Equipments 52 2.Agricultural, Animal
Husbandry, Minor Irrigation land reclamation
etc. 55 3.Communication 18 4.Rural Arts and
Crafts 5 5.Education 12 6.Social
Education 10 7.Health and Sanitation 20 8.Hous
ing (Project Staff Rural Housing) 16 9.CD
Centre 12 TOTAL 200 4.2 of total plan
outlay. 3,100 blocks and 3,70,000 villages were
covered by the beginning of the third
plan. 1crore 10 million
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Features of Community Development as National
Extension Programme

• Areas of intensive efforts for over all
  development of social and economic life.
• Different development agencies of Government to
  work as a team.
• Villagers came together for bringing about social
  changes are assisted to seek and enable their
  participation in execution of economic
  development programs self-help and co-operation
  are recognised as principles to guide.
• Cover all rural families especially those who are
  "underprivileged".

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Co-operatives Co-operative farming

• Development Panchayats actively responsible
• Landholding consolidation / Land Reforms
  Agricultural.
• Development Small and village industry
• Women and Youth get special focus
• Intensive work in Tribal area

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Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

• The village production plan Glimpses of
  Sustainable economic development?
• Agricultural Production Programs
• Full utilisation of irrigation facilities
• by maintaining field channels
• repair and maintain commu. Irrigation works.
• increases area under multiple cropping.
• spread of improved seeds
• composting and green manure, fertilisers
• Improved agricultural practices Soil
  conservation, contourbunding, dry farming,
  drainage, land reclamation, plant protection.
• individual and community minor irrigation
  projects
• improved implements
• production of vegetables and fruits

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• Development of poultry, fish, dairy
• Animal Husbandry stud bulls castration
• Development of Village fuel plantation and
  pastures.
• Panchayat Development Socio-political
• DPAP DDP Focus on Natural Resources
• ?? Aims
• Optimum utilisation of land, water and livestock
  resources.
• Restoration of ecological balance
• Stabilising the income of poor
• Arrest desertification advancement

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Key Elements

• 1. Development Management of water
  resources
• 2. Soil and Moisture conservation
• 3. AfforestationSocial Farm forestry
• 4. Development of pasture lands
• 5. Livestock and dairy development
• 6. Restructuring cropping pattern
• 7. development subsidiary occupation

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• Special Areas Programme??
• Water Resources -over exploited crisis
• Land Resources -degradation on rise
• Forest Resources -degraded and under threat
• Common Property
• Resources -Open access degraded mostly

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Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

• By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all
  villages in 5265 blocks
• Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD
• Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee The three-tier system
  village, block, district link Government, and
  elected representative.
• Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre
  introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven
  into district plans.

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Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

• The Slimmest Volume!
• In 1975 20 point programme is introduced.
• Community Development Programme does not find
  place in text and discussion.

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Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)

• RD Through Special Programmes
• Achievements in previous plan lauded
• Network of extension and development service
  established
• Land reforms successful
• Rural community aware and ready to adopt
  technical advances (GRT adoption as evidence).
• Special area programmes introduced.
• DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas
• DDP late 1970s Desert Areas
• SFDA, MFAL since 1971 Small, marginal farmers and
  Agricultural labourers.
• RD to focus on special employment and income
  generation programmes for poor. Focus shifted to
  individual Household based support.
• All individual / Household Programme merged and
  Integrated Rural Development Programme is born
  (IRDP).

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Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

• The approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates
  the goal of bringing down the percentage of
  population below the poverty line to less than 10
  by 1994-95
• Therefore, the special programmes will be
  continued at an accelerated rate.

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Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) ??

• List of Programmes Reviewed
• IRDP (1980)
• TRYSEM (1979)
• DWCRA (1982)
• NREP (1980)
• RLEGP (1983)
• JRY (1990)
• MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra
• SEPG (1991) Gujarat
• DPAP (1973)
• DDP (1978)
• Voluntary sector to help. Rest same as
  7thF.Y.P.

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Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

• Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development
  Programmes
• DPAP, DDP People in Centre
• Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation
  and RD Programmes
• Impact of GRT (agro mechanical bio-chemical) on
  ecological/environmental parameters.
• District Planning and RD Programmes
• People as if they matter
• Assessment of local area, resource base, people
  existing situation.
• Natural Resource base as unit for improving
  resource productivity.
• Use of individual, social, local and indigenous
  knowledge.
• Formulation of sustainable development plans.
• Community Development Facilitation.

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Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

• Strategy for Equity and Social Justice
• Agricultural Development must be viewed as a
  core element of plan, since growth in this sector
  is likely to lead to the widest spread of
  benefits especially to the rural poor. The first
  generation of reforms concentrated on the
  industrial economy and reforms in the
  agricultural sector were neglected. This must
  change in the Tenth Plan.
• Box 1.3, p.9, Volume-I
• Five Year Plan 2002-2007
• P.C.GoI, 2002

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Growth Strategy

• Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities
• Deal with policy constraints that discourage
  growth in employment.
• Agriculture in extended sense
• Tourism, Transport Special Programs
• Retailing
• SSI
• IT Communication enabled service
• Other New services