STAKES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WASTE VALORISATION IN

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STAKES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WASTE VALORISATION
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (KENYA CASE)

• Nicholas K. Rotich
• B. Tech Ch. Eng/EIA/EA/CP Expert
• Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre

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Introduction

• The situation of solid waste management (SWM)
  in Kenya, like in many other countries, is a
  source of concern. Uncollected solid waste has
  become a common sight in most urban areas, with
  associated public health and environmental risks.
  High industrial production and urbanization leads
  to high consumption of natural resources and
  generation of substantial waste

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• According to studies done by Prof. Marjukka,
• Eunice and Grace-Tampere Polytechnic
• University of Applied Sciences, 2006
• About 68 of solid waste is generated
• from residential areas
• 14, from Industrial sources
• 8 from hospitals
• 2 from roadsides
• 1 markets and
• 7 is from other sources

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• From projections done by JICA, 1998-2008,
• Nairobi alone has a population of
• 3.63 Million and generates 2730 tons a day.
• This translates to a waste per capita of 1.33 kg
• waste per person per day a double figure of what
• it was in the year 2005 (0.65 kg per person per
• day), Maranga, 2005. The pie chart below
• characterizes solid wastes generated in Nairobi,
• which is used as a representative of most urban
• towns in Africa.

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The involvement of the state in waste management

• Solid waste management problems in
• Kenya were for a long time a result of lack
• of a waste management policy framework
• to guide improvement of the standards,
• efficiency and coverage of waste
• management. However, the enactment of
• Environmental Management and Coordination
• Act, 1999 creates a window of opportunity and
• bright future for value addition of waste

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Policy instruments for SWM

• There are three broad categories of policy
• instruments that can be used for solid waste
• management, including management of plastic
• bags. These are
• Regulatory (Command and Control) Instruments
• Economic Instruments
• Voluntary/Information- based Instruments

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1.0 Regulatory (Command and Control) Instruments

• Command and control instruments involve
• direct regulation along with monitoring and
• enforcement systems. Examples include
• direct provision of public goods or
• services, regulation of technology, and
• regulation of performance.

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a) Direct Provision of Public Services

• Direct provision of public services occurs
• when a government agency or an
• environmental authority takes direct
  responsibility
• for solving a solid waste management problem,
• for example, collection of garbage on public
• streets by government officers. This is currently
• in place as most of the garbage is collected by
• the Nairobi City Council.

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b) Regulation of Technology

• The environmental authority may prescribe,
• through regulations or bans the technology that
• firms and households must use for solid waste
• management. A ban is a form of technology
• regulation in which a specific process or product
• is not allowed.

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• Zoning is a kind of regulation whereby
• certain methods or technologies are
• banned in or are limited to a certain area. The
• Prescribed technology is mandatory in the
• sense that each individual firm or household
• Is expected to comply.

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• Other lead agencies such as the KNCPC,
• National Environmental Management
• Authority (NEMA) and others have been
• Largely involved in carrying out campaigns
• And implementation of programmes for
• comprehensive solid waste segregation,
• reduction at source, reuse and recycling
• (3R).

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Needs assessment for waste valorisation in
developing countries (Kenya)

• In Kenya, the National Environment Management
• Authority (NEMA) is charged with a responsibility
• to deal with issues to do with solid waste
• management. The authority does this through
• Continuous Implementation and enforcement of
• the waste Management regulations incorporated
• in Environmental Management and Coordination
• Act, 1999.

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• Even though the Authority is considered
• and factored-in in the
• national budget, it is still constrained in
• terms of technical expertise to inject and
• boost applications of new technologies for
• waste management e.g. energy
• valorization from waste.

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c) Regulation of Performance

• Performance standards are significantly different
• from mandatory technology because they give
• firms considerable flexibility in the choice of
• abatement method by which to meet the
• mandated performance goal.

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• They also give the firm a choice between
• reduction of waste and Abatement effort and it
• is also possible to have trade offs between
• waste producing units e.g. an edible oil
• company in Kenya producing free fatty acids
• as waste trades off To glycerine
• manufacturing sister company.

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2) Economic Instruments

• Economic instruments comprise all
  incentives/disincentives that mobilize the
  self-interest of consumers, producers, and
  service providers to make environmental
  improvements or reduce adverse environmental
  consequences.

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• These instruments may be used to address
• basic environmental needs, or may
• motivate actions to address environmental
• protection beyond the prescribed minimum
• standards of command-and-control
• approaches. Economic instruments fall into
• two broad categories Price-based
• instruments and property-rights based
• instruments.

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a) Price Based Instruments

• The key distinguishing feature of price based
• economic instruments is that they attempt to set
• the price of environmental goods and services
• right, that is, they try to internalize the
  external
• (social and environmental) costs of using
• environmental services. In illustrative terms,
  what
• a consumer pays for a plastic bag should not just
• be equal to the cost of producing and
  distributing
• the bag and the profit to the manufacturer

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• It should also include the cost that the bag is
• likely to have on the environment in terms of
• pollution and the cost it imposes on the
• society in terms of nuisance, blocked drains,
• livestock and wildlife effects, among others.
• There are several types of price-based
• economic instruments. These are briefly
• described below.

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b) Taxes, Charges and Earmarking

• A levy, tax or charge compensates society for
  the damages that the use of a unit of
  environmental good or service by private
  individuals or firms entails. The revenue raised
  from such tax or charge may then be earmarked for
  solving the specific problem from which the tax
  or charge was levied. The governments operating
  budget has this in place for plastic waste
  management even though the degree of
  implementation is still low.

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c) Taxes on Inputs and Outputs

• When waste production monitoring is
  impossible, difficult or costly, the
  environmental authority is not in a position to
  apply any abatement technology in solid waste
  management. One possible solution in such a case
  is to levy taxes on some input or output that is
  more easily monitored and a good indicator or
  proxy for the solid waste to be regulated.

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d) Subsidies and Subsidy Removal

• A subsidy can be either a direct partial
  repayment of solid waste management costs or a
  fixed payment per unit of solid waste managed as
  an incentive to cut down on waste generation.

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e) Deposit-Refund Systems

• Deposit refund systems encompass a charge on
  some particular item and a subsidy for its
  return, and are mainly used to encourage
  recycling. The distinguishing feature of the
  deposit-refund scheme is that it has a clever
  disclosure mechanism the refund is paid when the
  potential polluter demonstrates compliance by
  returning the item that carries the refund, thus
  making the monitoring of illegal disposal
  unnecessary. Usually, deposit-refund systems are
  used for certain final outputs such as beverage
  cans and bottles.

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f) Liability Instruments

• Liability instruments include liability and
  performance bonds, which increase the financial
  cost of irresponsible waste handling or disposal,
  and performance disclosure whereby information
  about the performance of a waste producer or
  handler is disclosed to the public. This affects
  the public standing of the producer/handler, and
  thus the financial performance.

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3.0 Voluntary/Information-Based Instruments

• Voluntary/Information-based economic
  instruments provide information to firms and
  households to enable them make environmentally
  friendly or informed choices e.g. choosing to
  take home a product without wrapping from a
  supermarket. Most people are now aware of waste
  generation and their consequent environmental
  hazards.

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a) Provision of Information

• This instrument enhances the management of
  solid waste by providing agents with information
  that will enable them adopt good solid waste
  management practices. Public education is aimed
  at improving the demand for environmentally
  improved waste management e.g. the UN, NCPCs etc.

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b) Voluntary Agreements

• Application of this instrument enhances solid
  waste management by encouraging agents to
  voluntarily invest, clean up, or undertake
  changes to reduce waste production. Voluntary
  codes of practice for retailers or manufacturers
  of polluting waste material are good examples of
  this instrument. The KNCPC developed a voluntary
  code of conduct for the Lake Victoria basin
  region in Kenya, after observing the continued
  destruction of the fragile Lake Victoria which
  provides livelihood to five east African
  countries.

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• As the society is now geared towards
• sustainability, there is more need to move
• from reactive to proactive means for solid
• waste management. The National Cleaner
• Production Centres are currently championing
• ideals of
• Life Cycle Assessment on all products, goods and
  services.
• Design for sustainability

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• So What then are the
• opportunities for waste
• valorization in
• Kenya?????

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OPPORTUNITIES FOR WASTE VALORIZATION PROJECTS IN
KENYA

• According to figure 1.0 above, 57 waste
• generated is food waste. This offers at large an
  
• opportunity for anaerobic decomposition to
  generate
• biogas. Campaigns for biogas generation from
  these
• wastes is currently championed by the UNIDO in
  Kenya
• under the Kenya Integrated Programme phase two
• (KIP II). The UNIDO and UNEP, Kenya Country
  Program
• are currently undertaking joint project for
  generation of
• biogas from slaughter house waste. Other few
  specific
• existing opportunities are

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1.0 General Waste from biomass

• Few industries in Kenya are now
• embracing fuel switch from fossil fuel and
• grid electricity to biomass-fired-energy
• utilities. This is because of associated high
• costs of energy that is felt throughout the
• country and even the world economy.

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2.0 Cogeneration

• For Kenya, Cogeneration in the sugar industry
• has shown positive results in the production of
• energy for its own use, primarily in East Africa.
• The technology of bagasse-based cogeneration
• could be replicated across all agro-industries
• including wood, pulp and paper, coffee, cocoa,
• tea, among others (Karekezi et al, 2008). Six
• sugar companies have significant potential of
• producing up to 300 MW

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• Mumias Sugar Company Co-generates 36
• MW of electricity, of which it consumes
• about 9 MW and sells the remainder to the
• national grid. Public sugar companies are
• currently being restructured to encourage
• private sector investment to take
• advantage of investment opportunities and
• to develop co-generation (MoEn, 2008).

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3.0 Biomass gasification

• Biomass gasification in Kenya is limited to
• small-scale and demonstration projects.
• This is because of lack of appropriate
• Technologies, equipment and expertise in
• this field. However, some large-scale tea
• Leaves processing companies (James Finlays Kenya
• Limited and Unilever Tea Kenya Limited) have
  tried to
• Enlarge their pilot biomass gasification
• Plants. This area also represent a bright future
• For foreign investors to take on this green
  business

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