Reducing the Need for Oil in the Transportation Sector

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Reducing the Need for Oil in the Transportation
Sector

• Improving the Fuel Efficiency of Cars The New
  Hybrid Cars

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Current Issues Regarding Fuel Consumption by
Transportation (1)

• Transportation Sector Consumes Over 2/3 of
  Petroleum in the U.S.
• Public Transportation is Not Widely Used by the
  General Public
• Its uncool
• Its unavailable

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Issues (2)

• Decrease in Oil Supplies will Increase Cost of
  Gasoline.
• Increase of Gasoline Costs Will Directly Affect
  the Consumer
• Passenger Cars do not Currently Meet Fuel
  Efficiency Standards Set by Congress SUVs Have a
  Lower Standard which Lowers Overall Fuel
  Efficiency Even More

4
Easier to Change the Car Than to Change the
Person!!

• Sport Utility Vehicles are a Status Symbol
• Only 10-30 of people who own SUVs actually use
  them for off-road activities
• 38 of the cars on the road are SUVs
• With Hybrid technology, people can keep their
  big cars while using less fuel.
• Ford Escape, 2004
• Dodge Durango SUV, uncertain release date

5
Top 5 Contributors to Greenhouse Gases Around the
World

• United States
• China
• Russia
• Japan
• United States Automobiles

6
Law Of Supply and Demand

• A decrease in oil supply will cause an increase
  in gas prices
• Gas Prices are currently (in Chicago) 1.72 /
  gallon
• Average U.S. price 1.67
• Imagine Fuel Costs if Gas Prices Continued to Rise

7
Electric Cars Are Not the Answer

• While electric vehicles qualify as Zero Emission
  Vehicles, they are impractical
• Electric vehicles are ideal for short trips
  around town, but not so good for cross-country
  trips
• This is where Hybrid technology becomes key.

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Improving the Fuel Efficiency of Cars Is the
Answer

• 43 of U.S. petroleum use and 11 of world
  petroleum use is due to consumption of gasoline

9
Improving Fuel Efficiency to 40 mpg would save 2
million barrels of oil per day
10
CAFE Standards

• Currently set at 20.7 for light trucks
• 27.5 for cars
• Standards were set in 1978
• Current standards have not changed since 1990,
  despite various attempts to change them
  legislatively
• Between 1997 and 2001, average fuel efficiency
  dropped from 22.1 (peaking) to 20.4 (lowest in 20
  years)

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Factors Behind Setting CAFE

• When CAFE standards were designed, light trucks
  were predominantly work and cargo vehicles
• Comprised less than 20 of new car market
• Today, light trucks comprise nearly 50 of new
  car market and are mostly used for personal
  transport

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Limits on CAFE

• Vehicles that weigh over 8500 pounds are exempt
  from CAFE requirements
• This Includes
• Ford Excursion
• Hummer H2
• Chevrolet Suburban 2500
• Automakers can change the car to make it look
  like a truck
• i.e. PT Cruiser cant tow anything and can only
  transport 4 passengers is a light truck because
  it has a removable backseat

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Credits for Fuel Efficiency

• Credits for producing alternative fuel vehicles
• Credits for exceeding CAFE standards in a given
  year
• Credits may be carried backward or forward three
  years

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CAFE Fines

• Producers must pay a penalty if the average fuel
  efficiency of their individual fleets is below
  CAFE standards
• Domestic Car Fleet (at 75 of car manufactured in
  U.S.)
• Imported Car Fleet
• Light Trucks
• 5.50 for every 0.1 MPG that average falls below
  relevant standard

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Concerns with Relying on CAFEto Reduce Oil
Consumption

• Possibly encourage more driving instead of
  changing personal driving habits
• Will automakers really respond?
• Agree to pay fines?
• Produce cars that fall into the light truck
  category so as to avoid complying with the more
  stringent car CAFE requirements
• Reduction in Safety with Lighter Cars

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Will Hybrid Cars Fix These Problems?

• Hybrid Cars are One of the Best Short Term
  Solutions to the Overuse of Petroleum by the
  Transportation Sector
• Without a widespread belief that public
  transportation is the Cool thing to do, fuel
  efficient cars will allow people to drive just as
  much as they do now, while significantly
  decreasing use of oil by autos.

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Will Hybrid Cars Actually Encourage More Driving?

• Hard to say
• The U.S. is already a mobile society
• Easy to determine that the car is clean and
  therefore justify driving more
• People who buy hybrid cars are those who are
  interested in conservation, and likely, that
  would stay the same for a large percentage of
  hybrid buyers
• Regardless, Hybrid cars are just a part of the
  solutionmaybe the biggest part of the solution,
  but nevertheless, just one part

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Will Automakers Respond Appropriately?

• Eliminating differences in CAFE between light
  trucks and passenger cars will prevent automakers
  from shifting production
• Increasing the fine, or adding incentives for
  improving fuel efficiency will help prevent the
  willing paying of fines

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What about Safety Concerns?

• The Honda Civic Hybrid actually weighs 100 pounds
  more than the Honda Civic EX
• Effectively, by using Hybrid technology, fuel
  efficiency can be increased without sacrificing
  the weight of the car
• Other equipment has been added to cars to improve
  safety such as air bags fatality rates have
  declined significantly since enacting CAFE in 1978

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Saving Money at the Pump (Using Current Gas
Price of 1.67 and driving 12,000 miles / year)

• Average Car
• 27.5 mpg 436 gallons of gas per year
• T.C. 728 / year
• Average SUV
• 20.7 mpg 579 gallons of gas per year
• T.C. 967 / year

• Honda Civic Hybrid
• 48 mpg 250 gallons of gas per year
• T.C. 417 / year
• Ford Escape Hybrid
• 30 mpg 400 gallons of gas per year
• T.C. 668 / year

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Are the Differences Enough to Re-Coup the Cost of
the Car?

• At current gas prices, an owner would have to
  keep a car for 8 years to recoup the difference
  in price between a hybrid and a normal car.
• But, if gas prices increase (as expected would
  happen if current oil suppliers decreased oil
  supply by 25), recoup in price would be noticed
  earlier.

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Eight Years With One Car?

• Concern that the battery-operated engine would
  not last 8 years and batteries cost 2000-3000
  to replace
• Honda Toyota both offer 10 year warranties on
  the electric motor.
• Additionally, tax incentive for buying a hybrid
  vehicle. (Currently 2000 adjustment to gross
  income)

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Hybrid Cars Are Cool

• Cameron Diaz Drove a Toyota Prius to the Oscars
• Ed Begley, Jr. drove a Prius across the country
• Leonardo DiCaprios family owns 4 Priuses
• Carole King, Billy Joel, David Duchovny, Bill
  Maher also own a Prius

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Incentives

• CAFE not effective in that automakers have chosen
  to pay fines in many cases
• Loophole that allows SUVs to be treated
  differently by CAFE, even though most of the
  car-buying public buys them to use as passenger
  cars
• Congress should act to fix these problems

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Proposed Legislation 1

• Senators Diane Feinstein Olympia Snowe

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Components of the Feinstein Proposal

• Require SUVs to meet the same standards as
  passenger cars by 2011
• Aimed at bringing SUVs to the same requirements
  as currently required by CAFE for passenger cars
  (27.5 mpg).
• No Change for passenger cars

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Critique of Feinsteins Proposal

• Doesnt improve fuel efficiency of passenger cars
• While SUVs are gaining market share and its
  important to close the loophole, we need to
  continue to increase fuel efficiency standards
  for our passenger cars, especially considering
  the technology exists.
• However, does prevent automakers from shifting
  production to light trucks to avoid fuel
  efficiency standards

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Proposed Legislation 2

• Senator Durbins Proposed New Efficiency
  Legislation

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Components of Durbins Legislation

• Light Truck exception would only include true
  trucks and vansnot SUVs or minivans
• Raise the fuel economy of passenger automobiles
  to 40 miles per gallon by 2015 with the first
  increase required in model year 2006.
• Update civil penalties for violating CAFE laws to
  account for inflation

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Advantages of Durbins Leg.

• Increasing CAFE to 40 mpg would realize a
  cumulative savings of 123 billion gallons of
  gasoline by 2015 a number 10 times the amount
  projected to be realized from drilling in the
  Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

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Durbins Other Legislation

• Fuel Efficient Vehicles Tax Incentives Act
• Would Create a tax break for purchasers of cars
  that exceed CAFE standards by more than 5 mpg

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Advantages of Durbins Other Legislation

• Encourages the Customer to buy a fuel efficient
  carbut it doesnt necessarily apply to hybrid
  cars as there is already a tax deduction
  available for hybrid car purchasers
• Encourages Automakers to produce cars that
  customers will buy

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Proposed Changes ala Patti

• Close Loophole for SUVs and Light Trucks that are
  used as passenger vehicles
• Encourage Automakers to produce more fuel
  efficient cars beyond CAFE requirements
• Improve CAFE requirements
• Encourage Consumers to purchase Fuel Efficient
  Cars

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Closing the Loophole

• Single Standard for all Passenger Vehicles
  requires defining passenger vehicle
• Phasing the new standard in over time

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Light Truck

• Sold primarily to commercial entities (and not to
  soccer moms)
• Require dealers to keep track of sales
• Has the ability to tow other vehicles or trailers
  beyond the smallest U-Haul-type trailers
• Seats more than 4 people
• Other Requirements?

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Passenger Car

• Seats 4 people or less
• Cant tow most trailers or other cars
• Bought primarily by families and private
  individuals
• Other requirements

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New Unified Standard

• Adopt portions of Senators Feinsteins and
  Durbins proposals to eliminate the differences.
• Give manufacturers 3-5 years to bring SUVs and
  minivans to the current 27.5

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Also Apply to Passenger Cars that Exceed 8500
pounds

• Require large passenger cars (such as the Ford
  Excursion) to meet fuel efficiency standards
  otherwise, auto manufacturers may just switch to
  making super large cars to avoid compliance

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Improving CAFE

• While bringing SUVs and minivans into compliance
  with current CAFE standards, also gradually
  increase CAFE standards
• Gradually, over 7-9 years to 40 mpg
• Effectively, in 9 years, fleet averages for all
  automobile makes used primarily for personal
  transportation should meet 40 mpg standard

41
Encourage Manufacturers to Produce

• Increase Fines for failure to meet standards to a
  more harmful level
• Currently, many fines are merely built into the
  price of an SUV rather than the manufacturer
  paying for them out of pocket
• Make fines high enough such that if incorporated
  into sales price, will discourage average joe
  from buying or if not incorporated, will
  significantly punish the manufacturer

42
Remove Credit System

• Allowing manufacturers to incorporate credits
  both forward and backward three years makes for
  difficult enforcementcant enforce a fine until
  3 years after the failure to meet the goal, by
  which point, manufacturers may have made enough
  money on the inefficient vehicle to more than
  cover the fine

43
Or Leave Credit System In With Modifications

• Allow manufacturers to trade credits amongst
  selves in same yearin other words, Ford can sell
  emissions credits to GM. If Fords average fuel
  efficiency is 44, and GMs average fuel
  efficiency is 38, then Ford can sell to GM (under
  regulated conditions) 2 mpg.

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Encourage Consumers to Buy

• Continue Tax Break for Fuel Efficient Cars
• Dont phase out the HEV tax credit until Hybrid
  cars are more established.
• Incorporate tax credits for consumers who trade
  in an older, less efficient car, for a more
  efficient vehicle.
• Encourages people who cant afford new cars to
  buy a new car
• Many less efficient cars stay on the road because
  consumers cant afford a new, more efficient one

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How Should Manufacturers Comply?

• Hybrid Cars
• Eliminates risk of lighter cars
• Technology is already available
• Lighter, GEO Metro type cars
• Not popular with people who buy cars as a status
  symbol
• Safety Risk

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Hybrid Cars

• How do we get there from here?

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Project description
http//www.ta.doc.gov/PNGV-Archive/AboutPNGV/intro
.htm

• Hybrid Emission Vehicle (HEV) Program commenced
  in 1993
• Partnership between the US DOE and Big Three
  automakers (5 year plan)

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GOALS of Program

• Decrease emissions
• Improve mileage (twice the fuel economy)
• Comparable performance, costs, and safety

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PNGV and DOE

• Goals of program began to mesh with that of PNGV
  (Partnership for a new generation of vehicles)
• To develop technologies for a new generation of
  vehicles

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FreedomCAR

• FY 2003 Re-focusing of PGNV into FreedomCAR
  (Cooperative Automotive Research) Program within
  DOE)

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Goals (1)

• transforming the transportation sector to run on
  renewable resources
• Main focus on hydrogen fuel cell cars

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(2)

• Freedom from/to
• petroleum
• pollutants
• choosing vehicle we want
• drive where we want, when we want
• obtain affordable fuel
• http//www.cartech.doe.gov/freedomcar/technical-go
  als.html

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PNGV Success

• Decrease foreign oil dependence
• need to become less vulnerable
• Lower pollutants
• Autos major CO contributor
• 194 million autos (1993) gt 270 million (2010)
• Create jobs
• promotes global competitiveness

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NREL

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Projects technical manager
• Technical work of Big 3 ended in 1999
• NREL continuing to help auto industry with HEV
  development by providing technical expertise
  (battery management, load reduction, and vehicle
  simulation)

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http//www.ctts.nrel.gov/analysis/hev_test/data.sh
tml
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How Hybrids Work

• Electric portion of the motor gets power from
  nickel-metal hydride battery (next to fuel tank)
• NO PLUGGING IN NEEDED! (battery maintained by
  regenerative braking- kinetic energy captured by
  forward momentum)
• Gasoline engine made from plastic materials

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How It Works (2)

• Two or more sources of power combined
• Ex
• Mo-ped
• Trains
• Buses
• Mining trucks
• Submarines

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Components

• Gas engine
• Fuel tank
• Electric motor
• Generator
• Batteries
• Transmission

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Electric Motor Components

• Armature or rotor
• Thin wire coiled around two or more poles
• Commutator
• Plate pair attached to axle
• Brushes
• Provides flipping action with the commutator
• Axle
• Field magnet
• DC power supply

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Poles

• Car motors usually have 3 poles
• Better dynamics in the car (magnet cannot get
  stuck b/w the poles)
• Avoids wasting energy and wasting the battery

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Generator

• Similar to electric motor, but only produces
  electrical power
• Used in series hybrids
• Electric motor acts like a generator when it
  slows car down to charge the batteries

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Batteries

• Higher voltages? serial
• Higher currents? parallel
• Energy storage device for electric motor
• Electric motor puts energy into batteries and
  draws from them
• Gives that extra help

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The upper arrangement is called a parallel
arrangement. If you assume that each cell
produces 1.5 volts, then four batteries in
parallel will also produce 1.5 volts, but the
current supplied will be four times that of a
single cell. The lower arrangement is called a
serial arrangement. The four voltages add
together to produce 6 volts.
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Types of Hybrids

• Parallel hybrid
• Fuel tank provides gasoline to engine
• Batteries supply power to electric motor
• Engine and electric motor work together to turn
  transmission simultaneously
• Transmission turns the wheels

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Parallel Hybrid

• Fuel tank and gas engine connect to transmission
• Batteries and electric motor connect to
  transmission independently
• Thus, electric motor and gas engine propel auto

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• PICTURE- PARALLEL HYBRID

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• Series hybrid
• Gas engine turns the generator
• Generator charges batteries or powers electric
  motor, which rives transmission
• Gas engine does not directly power auto

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Series Hybrid

• Components are linear, connecting with
  transmission
• PICTURE

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Fuel Efficiency

• Regenerative Braking
• Engine shut-off
• Aerodynamics
• Low resistance tires
• Lightweight materials

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Why own a hybrid?

• Combination of technology of electric cars and
  economical advantages of conventional cars
• Low-emissions, fuel efficient
• Cost of batteries for electric vehicles still too
  exorbitant for consumers

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The result

• Electric vehicle advantages that apply to
  hybrids
• Lower emissions
• Regenerative breaking
• Torque-on-demand

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Ford Escape SUV

• Goals
• Improve fuel efficiency 25 by 2008

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Advantages of Escape

• 40 mpg city/ 29 mpg highway
• 500 miles per tank of gasoline
• Powered by 300 volt battery, along with 2-liter
  4-cylinder engine
• Performs like V6 Escape (4x4 capability)
• 2001 Escape 18 mpg city/24 mpg highway

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Honda Insight

• 1st gas-electric car in North America
• 61 mpg city/70 mpg highway (Civic comparison)
• Parallel hybrid
• Lightweight body
• Small engine
• Advanced aerodynamics
• 2-Seater

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Stats

• Runs by Integrated Motor Assist power train (IMA)
• Magnetic electric motor and 5-speed manual
  transmission
• 1 liter VTEC gasoline engine, 67 hps
• Unique torque features

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Honda Civic Hybrid

• 5-star frontal crash protection rating (NHTSA)
• Decreased gas mileage, lower emissions
• VTEC, i-DSI (Dual Point Sequential Ignition), and
  friction-reducing materials excellent
  performance
• Available in both Manual Transmission and CVT

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Civic Hybrid Stats

• 48 mpg city/47 mpg highway (ULEV)
• Actual 43 mpg city / 52 mpg highway
• City fuel efficiency decreases in winter when
  temps are below freezing closer to 35 mpg in
  city highway stays the same
• 47 mpg city/48 mpg highway (SULEV)
• 1/03 SULEV marketed in California
• 650 miles per tank of gasoline
• IMA technology 1.3 L VTEC 4-cylinder engine
• 10 year battery life

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Honors/Awards

• 2002 Best fuel economy award
• 2002 Runner-up to Insight in Best Fuel Economy
  Class
• Best in Category 1-1.4 Liter

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Toyota Prius

• Parallel hybrid
• Electric motor starts the car
• Power Split Device
• Series hybrid
• Only Available in a Continuously Variable
  Transmission (CVT)

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Prius vs. Civic

• Prius
• SULEV rating (emissions 90 cleaner than current
  average)
• Operates in electric-only mode
• 44 hp/274 volt
• THS switches from all-electric to all-engine
  (efficient mixes)

• Civic
• ULEV rating (SULEV available in California)
• Always driven by gas portion with assistance from
  electric motor as necessary
• gas engine turns off whenever temps are above
  freezing and car is stopped or slowing to below
  20 mph
• 13 hp/144 volt
• Feels more like a normal car when accelerating

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Advantages Stats

• 2000 tax deduction starting July 2002
• In 2004, the deduction decreases to 1500
• 2005 to 1000
• 2006 to 500
• There are talks of Congress extending the
  phase-out, but nothing concrete, yet.
• Both Honda and Toyota offer extended warranties
  (8-10 years) on the electric engine.

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Toyotas Future

• Late 2002 marketing began on 20 fuel cell hybrid
  vehicles (FCHVs)
• Highlander SUV
• Featuring nickel-metal hydride battery similar to
  Prius

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How to make the most of your hybrid

• Dont speed
• Keep speed constant
• Dont stop abruptly
• Manual transmissions let the regenerative
  braking work before putting in the clutch

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